in the Netherlands, 348; in France
the chief cause of the Revolution,
355, 361-364; the report of the
Cour des Aides, 361-364; loss of,
during the French Revolution, 371
Trade: increase of, its effect on feudal-
ism, 4; Polish nobles and, 19;
of France under Henri IV. and
Richelieu, 21; of France under
Colbert, 23, 26, 27; comparison
of British and French, 23; effect
on French, of Revocation of Edict
of Nantes, 26, 27, 28; effect on
British, of Revocation of Edict of
Nantes, 65, 66; the expansion of
English, 55; competition for, with
Dutch, 56, 106, 107, 136; monopoly
of, 55, 56; competition for, a cause
of war, 55, 58; conditions of, in
England in early part of century,
59-61; effect of Union with
Scotland on, 61; export of salt
to France, 61; statistics of French,
62-65; colonial French, 63, 64,
133-136; with English Colonies,
69;
essential for success of, 72
et seq.;
theories as to regulation
of, 83, 84, 104; causes of increase
of credit system, 85; monopoly
of, in Colonies, 103 et seq.; examples
of, 104; in tobacco, 106; of
Northern Colonists in fish and
timber for rum and sugar, 108;
of British in the East, 136, 137;
value of, and convoys for, in West
Indies, 149; war injuries, 163,
224, 254; great growth of, 172;
the meaning of freedom of, 172, 173;
monopoly of, the universal system,
193, 194, 195, 244, 245; British,
and American colonies, 253, 254,
290; smuggling increased with,
255; between American colonies
and Europe, 257; American agree-
ments for non-importation, 258;
the inland, of India, 270, 282, see
East India Company; cotton-
growing and manufacture in India,
281; in tea, 285; monopoly of,
in Spanish colonies, 331; Turgot's
six edicts for freedom of, in France,
354

Transport: Canal of Languedoc, 65;
in Scotland, 69; Turnpike Acts,

70, 198; roads in Britain, 73;
roads in France, 74; canals in
France and Holland, 73, 76;
taxation for roads and exemption
from, 74, 75; by river, 75; of
bullion dangers of, 81; in American

colonies, 214, 215, 228; in India,
279; in Spain under Charles III.,
330; Joseph II. tries to improve,
346; in France at the time of the
Revolution, 360

Treaty of Utrecht, 10, 37, 38, 59, 90,
91, 99; right of German Princes
to make, 11; of Limerick, 15, 33,
34, 39; of Westphalia, 22, 27, 30;
of Pyrenees, 23; of Dover, 26;
of Nimeguen, 26, 27, 30, 32; of
Ratisbon, 27, 30, 32; for Partition
of Spain, 33, 34, 35; of Ryswick,
34; Methuen, 60; of Hanover,
95; of Seville, 95; of Vienna in
1738, 95, 121; of Paris in 1763,
Bute and 161-165; of Paris marks
the end of an era, 166; of Paris
considerations on, 163, 164
Turkey: an absolute monarchy, 13;
invasion of Europe and defeat by
John Sobieski, 19, 20; supported
the reforming Poles, 265; war with
Russia, 265; agreed to freedom of
the Dardanelles, 266; Catherine of
Russia and Joseph II. go to war
with, 348

UNION: between England and Scot-
land, 66 et seq.; impossible under
William III., 67; terms of, 68, 69;
of British colonies, 236, 237, 239

WAR: exchange of territory in, 9;
in Germany and Italy, 9; of France
and England in 1672 against
Holland, 26; of the League of
Augsburg, 33, 34, 59; of the
Spanish Succession, 34, 36-38, 42;
Marlborough, the campaigns of, 36,
37; charges against him, 37, 44;
its effect on the Stuart Cause, 38;
civil management of, 44; England
pays for, 44; of the Austrian
Succession, 63, 121, 122 et seq.;
of the Polish Succession, 95; of
Jenkins' Ear, 99, 100, 120; Wal-
pole's efforts to settle, 100; the
formality of naval, 129; state of
Europe after, of Austrian Succes-
sion, 131, 132; preparations for
the Seven Years', 141; a conflict
of ideals, 142; Frederick II. and
the revolution in the art of war,
143; Seven Years', in Canada, 145,
146, 149; in Germany, British
dislike of, 147; in America, 149
et seq.; in the West Indies, 152;

in India, 156, 157; has to be paid
for, 223, 224, 225; Pontiac's, in
America, 261, 262; with Mah-

rattas and Mysore, 269; American,
physical conditions, 301-310;
guerilla on land, and general, at
sea, 312, 313; in India 1778-83,
316; with Holland, 337; French
Assembly anxious for, 372;
alliances for, 25, 35, 94; quadruple
alliance against Spain, 94; quad-
ruple alliance against France, 130
West Indies: restless and mutinous,
195; their effect on the American
colonies, 214; war in, controlled
by trade-winds, 214; tariffs in
favour of, 228; smuggling in, 256;
war with Caribbs in St. Vincent,
263

Whigs and Tories: Tories betray

Eugène, dismiss Marlborough, and
make Treaty of Utrecht, 37; dis-
credit the cause of the Stuarts, 38;
Whigs refuse to treat with Louis
XIV., 37; writers and George

III., 177-179; politicians use the
mob against the King, 178, 187;
and George III., 180 et seq.;
Britain under Whig oligarchy,
181-183; contemporaries on, 183;
terms to George III., 184; the
corruption on their shifts of office,
185-186; fiction written by them
about George III., 188, 192, 193;
dearth of men of ability among,
196; the evil tradition of, 221-222;
their fear of reaction, 221, 293;
responsibility for loss of American
colonies, 221; want of constructive
policy, 222; doctrines, and the
new theories of liberty, 222, 243,
244; approve the Navigation Acts,
289; encourage the American
rebels, 291; George III., Lord
North and, 242, 293, 294; apply
principles of 1688 to American
rebellion, 295, 296; oppose all
effort by Great Britain, 299, 300,
301, 311; applaud the French
Revolution, 358