King governs through Secretaries
of State, 334; arbitrary, depends
on the character of the despot, 344;
local, in Austrian Empire, 344;
Joseph II. sets up one central, 345 ;
his thirteen, and their circles, 345;
Joseph II. and the constitution of
the Netherlands, 348; and the
use of force, 351; bankruptcy
brings States General in France,
356; by the General Assembly in
France, 366-369

Guiana description of, 259; early

attempts at settlement, 260;
Sturm van Gravesande and the
negro revolt, 260, 261; labour
questions in, 263; Dutch colonies
ceded to British, 263

HANOVER: influence on British
politics, 91, 92; British dislike for
the connection with, 93; George
I. and, 121, 125; the desire to be
rid of, 123, 127, 128; opinions on,
128, 147; at the opening of the
Seven Years' War, 141; and the
Treaty of Paris, 158, 163; the good
uses of, 180, 181

Holland: the Dutch gain independence
in the sixteenth century, 10; their
difficult position in the eighteenth
century, 13; our great rival for
Empire in the seventeenth century,
24, 56, 57, 106, 107; invasion of,
by Louis XIV., 26; the trade of,
55, 56; did carrying trade for
France, 63; monopoly of colonial
trade, 104; the only refuge for
liberty on the Continent, 124;
the decay of her trade, 131, 133,
136; Great Britain declares war
on, 311, 337, 338; her trade in
provisions with Ireland, 312; her
connection with Britain and Ger-
many, 336, 337; dispute with
Austria over navigation and trade,
338; William V. and the Rights of
Man, 338; Revolution in, 338
Hungary: Hungarians and Poles con-
trasted, 16; a homogeneous people,
16; Maria Theresa adopts the
Insurrection and its results, 125;
revolution in, 350; measures of
Joseph II., 349, 350, 351; measures
of Leopold, 351, 352

INDIA: advantages of the Dutch in,
136; Britain and France in, 136

CC

et seq.; competition with home
industries, 136-138; French take
Madras, 138; European possessions
in, 139; Clive at Arcot, 140; the
Black Hole of Calcutta, 145; the
Battle of Plassey, 146; in the Seven
Years' War, 145, 146, 149, 156, 157;
the condition of the army in, in
1769, and its great deeds, 267-270;
the civilian councils in, 269; Clive
and the inland trade, 270; the
financial and trade difficulties,
271-273; overrun with banditti,
273, and wild beasts, 278; Warren
Hastings and, 273; judicial reform
in, 274; the Bengal famine, 274
et seq.;
land tax and taxation
during famine, 275, 277, 278, 279;
war in, 1778-83, 316; British seize
French and Dutch colonies in 337
Ireland: the effect of the persecution
of Catholics in, 28, 29, 202, 375;
after 1689, Willam III. and the
Treaty of Limerick, 39; the
promises of Charles I. and II. and
the northern Presbyterians, 39;
contrast with Scotland, 71 note;
Wood's halfpence, 96; condition
of, under the two first Georges, 97;
the Charter Schools, 97; at the
opening of the Seven Years' War,
142; the Whigs and the govern-
ment of, 185; money drained off
to England, 185; Lecky on, 202;
graziers, Whiteboys and enclosure
in, 203-205; absenteeism in, 203;
value of imports, 205; famines in,
and restriction of trade, 205, 206;
emigration from, 206, 207; Presby-
terians recruit American rebels,
207; compared for taxation with
America, 229, 235, 240; in 1773,
no money in, 284; and the Naviga-
tion Laws, 289; attempts to
remove restraints on trade, 293;
trade with Holland for use of
French fleet, 312; Orangemen and
French Revolution, 375, 376;
political prisoners sent to Australia
as convicts, 379
Italy: the fortunes of, 13, 14; and
the war of the Austrian Succession,
124, 129

JAMES II. AND WILLIAM III.: naval
and military record of James, 24;
excluded from office, 24; William
III. appointed Stadtholder of
Holland; married daughter of

James II.; his share in the murder
of De Witt, 26; relations of James
with Louis XIV., 31, 32; James
declined to join Louis in the in-
vasion of the Palatinate, 32;
reasons for success of William's
invasion, 32, 33; William and the
Spanish succession, 34; in Ireland
and Flanders, 39; the evil influence
of William, 39, 40; his rewards
to the Dutch, 44

KING: the growth of his authority,
4, 8; strengthened by William I.
on Salisbury Plain, 5; elective
in Poland, 15; authority of,
destroyed by Liberum Veto, 17;
and nobles in France and England,
22, 23; conflict of, with nobles
in Sweden, 176, in France, 177, in
Britain, 178, 182; personal govern-
ment by, 177, 178; represents all,
179

LAND: England suitable for agri-
culture, 6; the Polish noble and
the, 19; the farm products of
France, 62-65; agriculture in
Scotland, 67 ; agriculture in
Ireland, 71 note, 203; enclosure
of land in England, 197-198;
tenure in Scotland by clans, 201;
yeomen migrate to towns, 198;
Irish, in pasturage; great graziers
exempt from taxation, 203; sub-
letting in Ireland by absentees, 203;
enclosures in Ireland, 203, 204;
famine in Ireland, 206; tenure in
Spain, 332; Joseph II. remeasures
and reassesses land in Austrian
dominions, 349; conditions of, in
France in 1789, 359-361; tenure
in France, 361; effects of French
Revolution on, 370; enclosures and
high farming in England, 374, 375;
enclosures in Scotland, 375 note
Law: social duty expressed by, 3;
collections of local custom, 5
common, of England, 5, 6, 7;
Roman, Blackstone and Montes-
quieu on, 6; in Scotland, 6, 69;
Roman, rests on absolute author-
ity, common on popular consent,
6, 7, 8, 31, 176, 299; French codes
of commerce, marine, and code
noir, 27; criminal, in England,
46 et seq.; liberty_rests on, 170,
298, 299; French Revolution sets

aside, 174; abuse of, after 1688 in
Britain, 181; enforcement of, the
duty of government, 217; judicial
reforms in India, 273, 274; the
trial of Lord George Gordon, 328;
Joseph II. reforms all Courts of,
345; obedience to, its effect on
revolution, 364; common, the tie
between Great Britain and the
United States, 376

Liberty: varies little with forms of
government, 1; Blackstone on, 3,
170; Montesquieu on, 170;
Holland the only refuge for, on the
Continent, 124; use of, by the
demagogues of the revolutions,
169, 208; personal, under Whig
oligarchy, 181; fear of losing, leads
to American Revolution, 220;
theories of, and American colonies,
226, 243; and the common law,
296-299; the only means of
attaining, 358, 359; French ideas of,
367, 370, 371; and the Rights
of Man, 373; for trade rests on
power to bargain, 76; tendency
towards, 80; and the physiocrats,
83, 84; theories as to, 174

MANUFACTURE: of woollen goods,
England's chief source of wealth,
59-61, 71; protected from com-
petition, 59; smuggling of, 245,
247; English cloth superior to
French, 60; methods of weaving,
60; of linen, 60, 61; smuggling of,
248 et seq.; of silk, pottery and
glass, paper, etc., 61; British
inferior to French and Dutch, built
up by refugees, 61, 62; of iron,
inventions affecting, 61; timber
necessary for, 61; of linen in
Scotland, 70, 71; of sewing thread at
Paisley, 70; bleaching of linen, 71;
the hand and frame knitter, 72; of
bats in America, 72; of iron in
America prohibited, 72; intro-
duction of machinery, 197; the
use of steam for, 198; effect on
colonies, 199; Irish woollen,
destroyed by William III., 247;
linen and tariffs, 250; Indian
cotton, strangled by Company's
monopoly, 281, 282; growth of, in
America, 282, 377

Mob: used by Whig nobles against
George III., 178, 187; examples of
difficulty of dealing with, 166, 187;
British riots, 231, 232; American

riots, 230, 241; at funeral of
Princess of Wales, 327; in Lord
George Gdrdon riots, 325-328
Monopoly: in trade, the French Com-
panies with, 21, 23, 24, 25 note;
in trade acknowledged rule, 53, 104,
193, 194; the Dutch and, 56, 104;
wars over, 58; in woollen trade,
effects of, 59, 60, 61; Turgot makes
the post a, in France, 76; patents
to corporations for trades abolished
in 1624 in England, 104; a reason
for the ventures of Europeans
East and West, 172; conflict of
theorists over, 173-175; the cause
of the American War, 173, 194,
195, 244, 288; Colonial, 172, 193;
accompanied by universal smugg-
ling, 193, 195; of trade by Jesuits
in Martinique leads to the suppres-
sion of the Order in France, 335

NAVIGATION ACTS: Dutch excluded by
our, from American commerce,
56;
scope of, and opinions on, 108-111,
289, 290; and smuggling, 193,
et seq., 252, 253; attempt to
en force, brings on American Revolu-
tion, 194; as applied to Ireland,
289

Neutrality: Frederick II. of Prussia
furnishes naval stores to the French
127; the rule of law at sea, and
British jurists on, 320-322; the
first armed neutrality, 320–324 ;
Great Britain's reply, 324
Netherlands: the fortunes of, 9, 10;
a buffer between France and
Holland, 13; campaigns of Marl-
borough in, 36, 37; Joseph II.
desires exchange of, for Bavaria,
347 ;

independence of, under
Austrian Empire, 348; Joseph II.
abolishes the Constitution, 349;
revolt against Austria, 347-350,
353; dealings of Leopold with,
351-353; Gouverneur Morris on,
370

POLAND: no strategic boundaries, 13;
an example of arrested growth, 15;
religion in, 16, 18; contrast with
Hungarians, 16; extension of
Empire, 16, 19; reform of, des-
troyed by Liberum Veto, 18, 19,
203, 204; the wars of, 19, 20;
Vienna saved by John Sobieski,
20; war of, succession, 95; first

partition of, 264 et seq.; final
partitions of, 372

Prisons: conditions of, in eighteenth
century, 46-54 ; Lord Lough-

borough on, 46-48; gaol fever,
smallpox and starvation, 48, 49;
hardships of debtors, 49, 50;
difficulties of release, 48-50;
cruelties practised, 52; liquor in,
52; in Scotland, 52; in Ireland,
53; in the hulks, 53; on the Con-
tinent, 54; reforms of, by Louis
XVI., 54

Prussia: a fief of the Polish Empire,
16; given to William I., Elector
of Brandenburg as pay for assist-
ance in war, 16, 19; Frederick of,
makes a revolution in the art of
war, 143; coalition against, in
1756, 145; conduct at partition
of Poland, 264, 266, 267; as neutral
carrier, 321, 322; Gouverneur Morris
on, 370

RELIGION: moral sense, the only
avenue to progress of society, 1,
2; unifying influence of Papacy,
4; peoples on interchange of
territory accept that of ruler, 9;
Poles take Christianity from Rome,
16; toleration of, in Poland, 17;
the Greek and Roman Church in
Poland, 18; at accession of Louis
XIV. France protects German
Protestants, 21, 30; persecution
by Louis XIV., 28; Revocation
of the Edict of Nantes, 26, 27, 28,
30, 64, 83; Doctrine of Divine
Right and autocracy of Roman
Church, 27, 28, 31, 121, 299;
efforts of Louis XIV. for an inde-
pendent Church, 28; effect of
persecution of Huguenots on
France, 28, 29; persecution of
Jansenists by Louis XIV., 29;
persecution of Protestants in
Cevennes, 29; Stanhope's account
of an auto da fé in Minorca, 29;
persecution of Roman Catholics
in Ireland, 29, 39, 40, 202; Lecky
the Presbyterian Church of
Scotland, 30; intolerance in the
Church of England, 30, 31; the
burning of witches, 30, 70; in
the British Army, 45; in the
prisons, 47; the prisons of the
inquisition, 54; Huguenots intro-
duce silk manufacture into England,
61; Huguenots and British trade,

on

66; persecution of the Episcopal
clergy in Scotland, 66, 67; William
III. and the Church in Scotland,
66, 67; in England under the
Hanoverians, 91; repeal of the
Test Act vetoed by Walpole, 97;
in the American colonies, 102, 237;
the varieties of sects, 103; Roman
Catholic, in Canada guaranteed
after Seven Years' War, 161;
moral sense as affecting revolu-
tionary thought, 167; Presby-
terians in Northern Ireland and
the land, 205; emigration of
Presbyterians to America, 206, 207;
Polish laws about, 265; Jesuit
order dissolved by the Pope, 265;
dispute between King and Parle-
ment over Bull Unigenitus, 334;
prosecution of Don Paolo Olavide,
311; the Gordon Riots, 324-328;
King George III. on laws against
Roman Catholics, 325; Catholics
and Presbyterians in Ireland, 326;
Liberal measures of Charles III.
of Spain, 331; Jesuit order, 331,
334, 335; Jesuits suppressed by
Louis XV., 335; Jesuits suppressed
by Maria Theresa, 343; religious
difficulties in Austria, 343, 346;
Joseph II. insists on his reforms in
Netherlands, 348; ecclesiastics in
the French Revolution, 368, 369
Representation: for taxation, 212,
213, 218; by population, 216; in
British Parliament, 219; the
possibility of, for the Colonies,
222; Governor Johnstone on, 291
Revolution: dangers of, 2, 3; how far
the result of human agency, 15;
of the Fronde, 21, 22; English, of,
1688, 30, 32, 33; the spirit of,
abroad, 166-168;
French,
enthroned force in the place of law,
174; fear of, favoured Whig
supremacy after 1688, 181; in
industry and trade, 197-199; in
agriculture, 197, 198; effect on
Colonial monopoly, 199; leaders of
American, 207 et seq.; aristocrats
as leaders of, 208; effected by
small minority, 209; causes
American, 209, 210, 216, 255;
French and American contrasted,
171, 174, 175, 227, 233; general
unrest throughout Europe, 230;
of 1688 and the Rights of Man, 258,
295, 296; revolt against Europeans
in South America, 261; American,
encouraged by Whigs, 292; Ameri-

of

can, views of George III. on,
293-295; of peasants in Bohemia
and Moravia, 344; in Netherlands,
348, 349; in Hungary, 350; the
French, 354; the conditions attend-
ing the French, 364
Russia: an absolute monarchy, 13;
Anne succeeded by Elizabeth, 126;
Catherine and the Partition of
Poland, 264; invites Greece to
revolt, 265; Greece abandoned by,
266; and Turkey, war between,
265; free passage of Dardanelles
agreed on, 266

SCOTLAND: necessity for Union with
England, the difficulties, 66; the
expedition to Darien, 67; agri-
culture and famine in, 67; poverty
of, 66, 67, 68, 69; trade of, 68,
69, 70; post office in, 68; revenues
of, 68; newspapers and education
in, 69; 1etains her own laws, 69;
subjects of trade in, 70, 71; suffer-
ings under the Union, 70; the
Porteous riot, 97; the '45, 130;
the social change after the '45, the
effect on land tenure, 201; emigra-
tion from, to America, 202;
enclosures in, 202

Sea and British Sea Power: the sea
our native element, 40, 41, 43, 128;
turned from the sea by William
III., 40; Navy: summary of some
deeds by, 43; Gibraltar and
Minorca taken by, 43; recruiting
for, 45, 46, 53; as prisoners of
war, 54; Dutch trade depressed
by, 57; under Byng, Lord Torring-
ton in 1718, 94; at Carthagena,
118-120; at opening of Seven
Years' War, 141; blockades Ger-
man rivers, 147; coastal raids by,
147, 148; reorganised by Anson,
148, 149; responsible for the fall
of Quebec, 153; saves the British
in 1760 at Quebec, 156; naval
power as it affects trade, 163; as
a means of protection for the
colonies, 217; in the American
War, 302-303; proposal for
naval war, 305; war of 1778-83
becomes a naval war, 312, 313, 314;
Rodney and Darby relieve Gibral-
tar, 314, 319; Rodney's victories,
314; the battle of the Saints,
Rodney dismissed by the Whigs,
315; the allied fleets in the
Channel in 1779, 315; allies cap-

ture the British merchant fleets,
316; Fisheries: Newfoundland,
63, 65, 71; Scottish, 70; Mercan-
tile Marine: great losses in wars,
40; conditions of, in eighteenth
century, 42; foundation of British
prosperity, 62, 71; ships of East
India Company, 43, 65; ships of
Dutch and French Companies,
63-65; tonnage of British mer-
chant, 62, 109; Scottish shipping,
71; Voyages: Anson's round the
world, 111-113, 115, 116; of the
Wager, 113-115; Cook's in Austra-
lasian waters, 379; Wind: the most
potent sea power, 144, 152, 214;
navigation in West Indies con-
trolled by trade- 214; effect of, on
naval warfare, 313; and see
America, Navigation Acts, Smug-
gling

Slavery and Slave Trade: code noir

in France, 27; in France, 63, 64;
under the Assiento with Spain, 99;
British and Dutch prominent in,
106; French monopoly of, in San
Domingo, 136; abolition of, 373;
and cotton-growing in United
States, 377

Smuggling: in the West Indies leads

to War of Jenkins' Ear, 58, 59;
in France, 63, 65; increased under
the Assiento, 99; affects accuracy
of trade returns, 105; counteracts
monopoly of trade, 193-195, 244;
immense, on the American coast
brings revolution, 195, 212, 249,
255, 256, 257, 338; increase of, in
Ireland, 206, 207, 247, 248; in
Europe, 245-250; and Colonial
trade, 251, 252; regulations to
repress, 255, 256; in Spanish
colonies, 289; chief cause in 1780
of war with Holland, 337; Rodney
seized St. Eustatius, 337, 338
Spain: dynastic settlements of
Empire, 9; succession and mar-
riages of Philip V., 25; fear of
union with France, 27; proposals
of partition of, 33-35; war of
succession, 35, 36; local independ-
ence and internal divisions, 36;
storm and massacre at Barcelona,
38; disputes with British smugglers
58, 59, 289; the attack on Cartha-
gena, 116-120; Pitt and, in 1762,
159, 160; the colonies of the Sierra
Morena, 310; treatment of Paolo
Olavide, 311; joins France against
Great Britain, 311; Rodney's

victories over Spanish fleets at
sea, 314; Spanish fleet in the
Channel, 315; Charles III. and his
reforms, 330; finances in colonies,
331; land tenure in, 332

Stamp Act: and George Grenville,
146, 225, 226, 228, 229, 230;
Franklin on, 228, 229; George III.
on, 229; riots in connection with,
230, 232, 233

Sweden: under Gustavus Adolphus
and Charles XII., 13, 93; the
political conditions under Gustavus
III., 175-177

TARIFFS: British trade grows up
under protective, 55; by Danes
and French on our draperies, 56;
retaliatory, between France and
Britain, between Great Britain
and Portugal, 60; in Scotland, 61;
effects of, on smuggling and export
of raw material, 61; on Scottish
and American goods to protect
English trade, 72; against French
silk stockings, 72; French internal,
72, 73; in British Empire, 105;
de Boislandry on, 105; and the
Physiocrates, 173, 174; a cause of
the American War, 195; not
formerly disputed in America,
212, 240; Townshend's duties,
241; the growth of customs
duties, 245; in Spain under
Charles III., 331; in Austria,
abolition of internal, 346; a cause
of the Civil War in America, 377,
378
Taxation: in England and Scotland
contrasted, 68; hardships of Scots
under, 70; the struggle over, 76;
of internal property, 77; the Crown
and changing values, ship money,
77; land tax, to replace feudal
burdens, 78; necessity for new,
leads to American War, 78; no,
without representation, 212, 213,
217, 219, 290; kind of representa-
tion for, 218; to pay for war, 223,
225, 226; of colonies' position as
to, 227, 243; Stamp Act, difficulty
of enforcement, 228, 229; repeal of
Stamp Act, 229, 230, and result,
232, 233; and Colonial Assemblies,
230, 236; in India, 275-279; in
Spain, 331, 332; struggle over,
between Louis XV. and the Parle-
ments, 335; the Cour des Aides in
France, 336; in Austria, 345, 346;