King governs through Secretaries of State, 334; arbitrary, depends on the character of the despot, 344; local, in Austrian Empire, 344; Joseph II. sets up one central, 345 ; his thirteen, and their circles, 345; Joseph II. and the constitution of the Netherlands, 348; and the use of force, 351; bankruptcy brings States General in France, 356; by the General Assembly in France, 366-369
Guiana description of, 259; early
attempts at settlement, 260; Sturm van Gravesande and the negro revolt, 260, 261; labour questions in, 263; Dutch colonies ceded to British, 263
HANOVER: influence on British politics, 91, 92; British dislike for the connection with, 93; George I. and, 121, 125; the desire to be rid of, 123, 127, 128; opinions on, 128, 147; at the opening of the Seven Years' War, 141; and the Treaty of Paris, 158, 163; the good uses of, 180, 181
Holland: the Dutch gain independence in the sixteenth century, 10; their difficult position in the eighteenth century, 13; our great rival for Empire in the seventeenth century, 24, 56, 57, 106, 107; invasion of, by Louis XIV., 26; the trade of, 55, 56; did carrying trade for France, 63; monopoly of colonial trade, 104; the only refuge for liberty on the Continent, 124; the decay of her trade, 131, 133, 136; Great Britain declares war on, 311, 337, 338; her trade in provisions with Ireland, 312; her connection with Britain and Ger- many, 336, 337; dispute with Austria over navigation and trade, 338; William V. and the Rights of Man, 338; Revolution in, 338 Hungary: Hungarians and Poles con- trasted, 16; a homogeneous people, 16; Maria Theresa adopts the Insurrection and its results, 125; revolution in, 350; measures of Joseph II., 349, 350, 351; measures of Leopold, 351, 352
INDIA: advantages of the Dutch in, 136; Britain and France in, 136
et seq.; competition with home industries, 136-138; French take Madras, 138; European possessions in, 139; Clive at Arcot, 140; the Black Hole of Calcutta, 145; the Battle of Plassey, 146; in the Seven Years' War, 145, 146, 149, 156, 157; the condition of the army in, in 1769, and its great deeds, 267-270; the civilian councils in, 269; Clive and the inland trade, 270; the financial and trade difficulties, 271-273; overrun with banditti, 273, and wild beasts, 278; Warren Hastings and, 273; judicial reform in, 274; the Bengal famine, 274 et seq.; land tax and taxation during famine, 275, 277, 278, 279; war in, 1778-83, 316; British seize French and Dutch colonies in 337 Ireland: the effect of the persecution of Catholics in, 28, 29, 202, 375; after 1689, Willam III. and the Treaty of Limerick, 39; the promises of Charles I. and II. and the northern Presbyterians, 39; contrast with Scotland, 71 note; Wood's halfpence, 96; condition of, under the two first Georges, 97; the Charter Schools, 97; at the opening of the Seven Years' War, 142; the Whigs and the govern- ment of, 185; money drained off to England, 185; Lecky on, 202; graziers, Whiteboys and enclosure in, 203-205; absenteeism in, 203; value of imports, 205; famines in, and restriction of trade, 205, 206; emigration from, 206, 207; Presby- terians recruit American rebels, 207; compared for taxation with America, 229, 235, 240; in 1773, no money in, 284; and the Naviga- tion Laws, 289; attempts to remove restraints on trade, 293; trade with Holland for use of French fleet, 312; Orangemen and French Revolution, 375, 376; political prisoners sent to Australia as convicts, 379 Italy: the fortunes of, 13, 14; and the war of the Austrian Succession, 124, 129
JAMES II. AND WILLIAM III.: naval and military record of James, 24; excluded from office, 24; William III. appointed Stadtholder of Holland; married daughter of
James II.; his share in the murder of De Witt, 26; relations of James with Louis XIV., 31, 32; James declined to join Louis in the in- vasion of the Palatinate, 32; reasons for success of William's invasion, 32, 33; William and the Spanish succession, 34; in Ireland and Flanders, 39; the evil influence of William, 39, 40; his rewards to the Dutch, 44
KING: the growth of his authority, 4, 8; strengthened by William I. on Salisbury Plain, 5; elective in Poland, 15; authority of, destroyed by Liberum Veto, 17; and nobles in France and England, 22, 23; conflict of, with nobles in Sweden, 176, in France, 177, in Britain, 178, 182; personal govern- ment by, 177, 178; represents all, 179
LAND: England suitable for agri- culture, 6; the Polish noble and the, 19; the farm products of France, 62-65; agriculture in Scotland, 67 ; agriculture in Ireland, 71 note, 203; enclosure of land in England, 197-198; tenure in Scotland by clans, 201; yeomen migrate to towns, 198; Irish, in pasturage; great graziers exempt from taxation, 203; sub- letting in Ireland by absentees, 203; enclosures in Ireland, 203, 204; famine in Ireland, 206; tenure in Spain, 332; Joseph II. remeasures and reassesses land in Austrian dominions, 349; conditions of, in France in 1789, 359-361; tenure in France, 361; effects of French Revolution on, 370; enclosures and high farming in England, 374, 375; enclosures in Scotland, 375 note Law: social duty expressed by, 3; collections of local custom, 5 common, of England, 5, 6, 7; Roman, Blackstone and Montes- quieu on, 6; in Scotland, 6, 69; Roman, rests on absolute author- ity, common on popular consent, 6, 7, 8, 31, 176, 299; French codes of commerce, marine, and code noir, 27; criminal, in England, 46 et seq.; liberty_rests on, 170, 298, 299; French Revolution sets
aside, 174; abuse of, after 1688 in Britain, 181; enforcement of, the duty of government, 217; judicial reforms in India, 273, 274; the trial of Lord George Gordon, 328; Joseph II. reforms all Courts of, 345; obedience to, its effect on revolution, 364; common, the tie between Great Britain and the United States, 376
Liberty: varies little with forms of government, 1; Blackstone on, 3, 170; Montesquieu on, 170; Holland the only refuge for, on the Continent, 124; use of, by the demagogues of the revolutions, 169, 208; personal, under Whig oligarchy, 181; fear of losing, leads to American Revolution, 220; theories of, and American colonies, 226, 243; and the common law, 296-299; the only means of attaining, 358, 359; French ideas of, 367, 370, 371; and the Rights of Man, 373; for trade rests on power to bargain, 76; tendency towards, 80; and the physiocrats, 83, 84; theories as to, 174
MANUFACTURE: of woollen goods, England's chief source of wealth, 59-61, 71; protected from com- petition, 59; smuggling of, 245, 247; English cloth superior to French, 60; methods of weaving, 60; of linen, 60, 61; smuggling of, 248 et seq.; of silk, pottery and glass, paper, etc., 61; British inferior to French and Dutch, built up by refugees, 61, 62; of iron, inventions affecting, 61; timber necessary for, 61; of linen in Scotland, 70, 71; of sewing thread at Paisley, 70; bleaching of linen, 71; the hand and frame knitter, 72; of bats in America, 72; of iron in America prohibited, 72; intro- duction of machinery, 197; the use of steam for, 198; effect on colonies, 199; Irish woollen, destroyed by William III., 247; linen and tariffs, 250; Indian cotton, strangled by Company's monopoly, 281, 282; growth of, in America, 282, 377
Mob: used by Whig nobles against George III., 178, 187; examples of difficulty of dealing with, 166, 187; British riots, 231, 232; American
riots, 230, 241; at funeral of Princess of Wales, 327; in Lord George Gdrdon riots, 325-328 Monopoly: in trade, the French Com- panies with, 21, 23, 24, 25 note; in trade acknowledged rule, 53, 104, 193, 194; the Dutch and, 56, 104; wars over, 58; in woollen trade, effects of, 59, 60, 61; Turgot makes the post a, in France, 76; patents to corporations for trades abolished in 1624 in England, 104; a reason for the ventures of Europeans East and West, 172; conflict of theorists over, 173-175; the cause of the American War, 173, 194, 195, 244, 288; Colonial, 172, 193; accompanied by universal smugg- ling, 193, 195; of trade by Jesuits in Martinique leads to the suppres- sion of the Order in France, 335
NAVIGATION ACTS: Dutch excluded by our, from American commerce, 56; scope of, and opinions on, 108-111, 289, 290; and smuggling, 193, et seq., 252, 253; attempt to en force, brings on American Revolu- tion, 194; as applied to Ireland, 289
Neutrality: Frederick II. of Prussia furnishes naval stores to the French 127; the rule of law at sea, and British jurists on, 320-322; the first armed neutrality, 320–324 ; Great Britain's reply, 324 Netherlands: the fortunes of, 9, 10; a buffer between France and Holland, 13; campaigns of Marl- borough in, 36, 37; Joseph II. desires exchange of, for Bavaria, 347 ;
independence of, under Austrian Empire, 348; Joseph II. abolishes the Constitution, 349; revolt against Austria, 347-350, 353; dealings of Leopold with, 351-353; Gouverneur Morris on, 370
POLAND: no strategic boundaries, 13; an example of arrested growth, 15; religion in, 16, 18; contrast with Hungarians, 16; extension of Empire, 16, 19; reform of, des- troyed by Liberum Veto, 18, 19, 203, 204; the wars of, 19, 20; Vienna saved by John Sobieski, 20; war of, succession, 95; first
partition of, 264 et seq.; final partitions of, 372
Prisons: conditions of, in eighteenth century, 46-54 ; Lord Lough-
borough on, 46-48; gaol fever, smallpox and starvation, 48, 49; hardships of debtors, 49, 50; difficulties of release, 48-50; cruelties practised, 52; liquor in, 52; in Scotland, 52; in Ireland, 53; in the hulks, 53; on the Con- tinent, 54; reforms of, by Louis XVI., 54
Prussia: a fief of the Polish Empire, 16; given to William I., Elector of Brandenburg as pay for assist- ance in war, 16, 19; Frederick of, makes a revolution in the art of war, 143; coalition against, in 1756, 145; conduct at partition of Poland, 264, 266, 267; as neutral carrier, 321, 322; Gouverneur Morris on, 370
RELIGION: moral sense, the only avenue to progress of society, 1, 2; unifying influence of Papacy, 4; peoples on interchange of territory accept that of ruler, 9; Poles take Christianity from Rome, 16; toleration of, in Poland, 17; the Greek and Roman Church in Poland, 18; at accession of Louis XIV. France protects German Protestants, 21, 30; persecution by Louis XIV., 28; Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, 26, 27, 28, 30, 64, 83; Doctrine of Divine Right and autocracy of Roman Church, 27, 28, 31, 121, 299; efforts of Louis XIV. for an inde- pendent Church, 28; effect of persecution of Huguenots on France, 28, 29; persecution of Jansenists by Louis XIV., 29; persecution of Protestants in Cevennes, 29; Stanhope's account of an auto da fé in Minorca, 29; persecution of Roman Catholics in Ireland, 29, 39, 40, 202; Lecky the Presbyterian Church of Scotland, 30; intolerance in the Church of England, 30, 31; the burning of witches, 30, 70; in the British Army, 45; in the prisons, 47; the prisons of the inquisition, 54; Huguenots intro- duce silk manufacture into England, 61; Huguenots and British trade,
66; persecution of the Episcopal clergy in Scotland, 66, 67; William III. and the Church in Scotland, 66, 67; in England under the Hanoverians, 91; repeal of the Test Act vetoed by Walpole, 97; in the American colonies, 102, 237; the varieties of sects, 103; Roman Catholic, in Canada guaranteed after Seven Years' War, 161; moral sense as affecting revolu- tionary thought, 167; Presby- terians in Northern Ireland and the land, 205; emigration of Presbyterians to America, 206, 207; Polish laws about, 265; Jesuit order dissolved by the Pope, 265; dispute between King and Parle- ment over Bull Unigenitus, 334; prosecution of Don Paolo Olavide, 311; the Gordon Riots, 324-328; King George III. on laws against Roman Catholics, 325; Catholics and Presbyterians in Ireland, 326; Liberal measures of Charles III. of Spain, 331; Jesuit order, 331, 334, 335; Jesuits suppressed by Louis XV., 335; Jesuits suppressed by Maria Theresa, 343; religious difficulties in Austria, 343, 346; Joseph II. insists on his reforms in Netherlands, 348; ecclesiastics in the French Revolution, 368, 369 Representation: for taxation, 212, 213, 218; by population, 216; in British Parliament, 219; the possibility of, for the Colonies, 222; Governor Johnstone on, 291 Revolution: dangers of, 2, 3; how far the result of human agency, 15; of the Fronde, 21, 22; English, of, 1688, 30, 32, 33; the spirit of, abroad, 166-168; French, enthroned force in the place of law, 174; fear of, favoured Whig supremacy after 1688, 181; in industry and trade, 197-199; in agriculture, 197, 198; effect on Colonial monopoly, 199; leaders of American, 207 et seq.; aristocrats as leaders of, 208; effected by small minority, 209; causes American, 209, 210, 216, 255; French and American contrasted, 171, 174, 175, 227, 233; general unrest throughout Europe, 230; of 1688 and the Rights of Man, 258, 295, 296; revolt against Europeans in South America, 261; American, encouraged by Whigs, 292; Ameri-
can, views of George III. on, 293-295; of peasants in Bohemia and Moravia, 344; in Netherlands, 348, 349; in Hungary, 350; the French, 354; the conditions attend- ing the French, 364 Russia: an absolute monarchy, 13; Anne succeeded by Elizabeth, 126; Catherine and the Partition of Poland, 264; invites Greece to revolt, 265; Greece abandoned by, 266; and Turkey, war between, 265; free passage of Dardanelles agreed on, 266
SCOTLAND: necessity for Union with England, the difficulties, 66; the expedition to Darien, 67; agri- culture and famine in, 67; poverty of, 66, 67, 68, 69; trade of, 68, 69, 70; post office in, 68; revenues of, 68; newspapers and education in, 69; 1etains her own laws, 69; subjects of trade in, 70, 71; suffer- ings under the Union, 70; the Porteous riot, 97; the '45, 130; the social change after the '45, the effect on land tenure, 201; emigra- tion from, to America, 202; enclosures in, 202
Sea and British Sea Power: the sea our native element, 40, 41, 43, 128; turned from the sea by William III., 40; Navy: summary of some deeds by, 43; Gibraltar and Minorca taken by, 43; recruiting for, 45, 46, 53; as prisoners of war, 54; Dutch trade depressed by, 57; under Byng, Lord Torring- ton in 1718, 94; at Carthagena, 118-120; at opening of Seven Years' War, 141; blockades Ger- man rivers, 147; coastal raids by, 147, 148; reorganised by Anson, 148, 149; responsible for the fall of Quebec, 153; saves the British in 1760 at Quebec, 156; naval power as it affects trade, 163; as a means of protection for the colonies, 217; in the American War, 302-303; proposal for naval war, 305; war of 1778-83 becomes a naval war, 312, 313, 314; Rodney and Darby relieve Gibral- tar, 314, 319; Rodney's victories, 314; the battle of the Saints, Rodney dismissed by the Whigs, 315; the allied fleets in the Channel in 1779, 315; allies cap-
ture the British merchant fleets, 316; Fisheries: Newfoundland, 63, 65, 71; Scottish, 70; Mercan- tile Marine: great losses in wars, 40; conditions of, in eighteenth century, 42; foundation of British prosperity, 62, 71; ships of East India Company, 43, 65; ships of Dutch and French Companies, 63-65; tonnage of British mer- chant, 62, 109; Scottish shipping, 71; Voyages: Anson's round the world, 111-113, 115, 116; of the Wager, 113-115; Cook's in Austra- lasian waters, 379; Wind: the most potent sea power, 144, 152, 214; navigation in West Indies con- trolled by trade- 214; effect of, on naval warfare, 313; and see America, Navigation Acts, Smug- gling
Slavery and Slave Trade: code noir
in France, 27; in France, 63, 64; under the Assiento with Spain, 99; British and Dutch prominent in, 106; French monopoly of, in San Domingo, 136; abolition of, 373; and cotton-growing in United States, 377
Smuggling: in the West Indies leads
to War of Jenkins' Ear, 58, 59; in France, 63, 65; increased under the Assiento, 99; affects accuracy of trade returns, 105; counteracts monopoly of trade, 193-195, 244; immense, on the American coast brings revolution, 195, 212, 249, 255, 256, 257, 338; increase of, in Ireland, 206, 207, 247, 248; in Europe, 245-250; and Colonial trade, 251, 252; regulations to repress, 255, 256; in Spanish colonies, 289; chief cause in 1780 of war with Holland, 337; Rodney seized St. Eustatius, 337, 338 Spain: dynastic settlements of Empire, 9; succession and mar- riages of Philip V., 25; fear of union with France, 27; proposals of partition of, 33-35; war of succession, 35, 36; local independ- ence and internal divisions, 36; storm and massacre at Barcelona, 38; disputes with British smugglers 58, 59, 289; the attack on Cartha- gena, 116-120; Pitt and, in 1762, 159, 160; the colonies of the Sierra Morena, 310; treatment of Paolo Olavide, 311; joins France against Great Britain, 311; Rodney's
victories over Spanish fleets at sea, 314; Spanish fleet in the Channel, 315; Charles III. and his reforms, 330; finances in colonies, 331; land tenure in, 332
Stamp Act: and George Grenville, 146, 225, 226, 228, 229, 230; Franklin on, 228, 229; George III. on, 229; riots in connection with, 230, 232, 233
Sweden: under Gustavus Adolphus and Charles XII., 13, 93; the political conditions under Gustavus III., 175-177
TARIFFS: British trade grows up under protective, 55; by Danes and French on our draperies, 56; retaliatory, between France and Britain, between Great Britain and Portugal, 60; in Scotland, 61; effects of, on smuggling and export of raw material, 61; on Scottish and American goods to protect English trade, 72; against French silk stockings, 72; French internal, 72, 73; in British Empire, 105; de Boislandry on, 105; and the Physiocrates, 173, 174; a cause of the American War, 195; not formerly disputed in America, 212, 240; Townshend's duties, 241; the growth of customs duties, 245; in Spain under Charles III., 331; in Austria, abolition of internal, 346; a cause of the Civil War in America, 377, 378 Taxation: in England and Scotland contrasted, 68; hardships of Scots under, 70; the struggle over, 76; of internal property, 77; the Crown and changing values, ship money, 77; land tax, to replace feudal burdens, 78; necessity for new, leads to American War, 78; no, without representation, 212, 213, 217, 219, 290; kind of representa- tion for, 218; to pay for war, 223, 225, 226; of colonies' position as to, 227, 243; Stamp Act, difficulty of enforcement, 228, 229; repeal of Stamp Act, 229, 230, and result, 232, 233; and Colonial Assemblies, 230, 236; in India, 275-279; in Spain, 331, 332; struggle over, between Louis XV. and the Parle- ments, 335; the Cour des Aides in France, 336; in Austria, 345, 346;
« AnteriorContinua » |