dustry, aided by the quality of the pasturage, was set up by an army officer, John Macarthur. About the same time the wine trade began. Thus the staples of Australia, the present great outlet for our peoples, unless we intend to abandon it to the yellow races, resembled those of medieval Britain. To these later was added the discovery of gold. New Zealand does not belong to the eighteenth century. It became early what Singapore was when Sir Stamford Raffles settled it, a refuge for all the outlaws of the sea, deserters, escaped convicts and criminals of all sorts. It was well into the second quarter of the nineteenth century before this beautiful land became an outpost of British civility and one of the most prosperous parts of our colonial Empire. Now our trade with New Zealand, six thousand miles from our shores, exceeds that with Belgium at our doors.
AMERICA: restlessness of, 107, 117; | Navigation Acts and, 109, 110, 207; deserters sent to service in, 117; in War of Jenkins' ear, 118, 120 in Seven Years' War, 141, 149, 156; population of British, 199, 213, 215; Virginia, 199, New England, 200, Middle States, 200; quality of Colonists, 200, 201; emigrants to, from Scotland, 201, 214; emigrants to, from Ireland, 202, 206, 207; Indians and other foes, 200, 213, 214; transport in, 214-216; news- papers in 216; economic causes of revolution, 106-108, 193-195, 288; leaders of revolution in, 208, 211; friction with British officials, 209- 211; terrorism used in, 208, 211; no support for loyalists, 208, 211; the French in Canada, 213; geographical position of British in, 213 et seq.; the war cry, 217 et seq.; fear of military despotism, 220, 221; dispute over right of taxa- tion, 226-230, 238, 239; tarring and feathering, 233; forms of Government in, 236, 237; amount of trade, 238, 253; behaviour in Pontiac's war, 262; export of tea to: the Boston outrages, 285; reports from officials in, 287; views of George III. on, 293-295; the Rights of Man and New England, 298; Constitution founded on British Common Law, 299; pre- parations for war, 301, 302; difficulties of the British in, 302- 305; no great leader, 304, 306; invasion of Canada by, 306; European allies of, 310 et seq. capture of Henry Lawrence, 337 declaration of Independence, 358; revolution, effect of on European peoples, 371; legislatures after revolution, 376, 377; financial condition after revolution, 376; federal constitution, 377; tariffs the cause of difference between North and South, 377, 378; cotton and slave labour in, 377; growth of population, 377, 378
Army: standing, replaces feudal levies, 4; naval people's dread of, 6, 220, 221, 226; misuse of, under decayed feudalism, 9; British, always auxiliaries in Europe, 40- 43; religion in, 45; hardships of soldiers, 45, 46, 116, 117, 118–120; recruiting for, 46, 53, 300, 301, 311; treatment of, by civilian, 44, 45, 116-118, 120, 142, 143, 158, 159 desertions and garrisons, 117; political influence in, 117, 140; Scots unwilling to enter English, 68; foreigners in, 131; the Flan- ders school, 130, 131; engineers and artillery, 143; in India, 140, 157, 268; in the West Indies, 143; difficulties of strategy, 144; in combined coast raids, 147; new methods in, 151, 153; appalling waste of life in, 159; increase of, after Seven Years' War, 225; in America, 234, 235, 301-310; Bene- dict Arnold's march to Canada, 306; condition of Washington's, 307; Burgoyne's march to Sara- toga, 308; act as police to put down riots, 327; Austrian, re- modelled by Joseph II., 347 Assemblies and Councils: vogue of government by, decaying in eigh- teenth century, ii; Diet of the German Empire, 11, 12; declares war on France, 32; the Polish Diet, majority principle not admitted, the Liberum Veto, 14, 17, 203, 264, 265; represented wealth and noble birth, 17; forced to confirm acts of Russia and Prussia, 265, 266; France; the Parlements, of Paris, exiled for opposing Law's system, 84; conflict in, between King and nobles, 177; take the place of the States General, 333- 334; the King and the, 333–336 ; King governs through Secretaries of State, 334; Walpole on, 335; oppose reform in the revolution, 355; call of States General, 356; the General Assembly, of the French Revolution, 366-368, 371, 372;
British Parliament, corruption of and reaction under George I. and II., 96, 186, 219; attempts in 1719 to limit the peerage, 96; women and, 98, 99; the first prime ministers, 177, 178; George III. and, 179 et seq., 187; not repre- sentative, 196, 218; representation in, for Colonies, 222; ignorant of Colonial conditions, 226; right of, to tax Colonies, 229; want of men of ability in, 237, 238; in 1774, 286; opposition in, and the American War, 300; Colonial Assemblies and the Stamp Act, 230; grants and taxes by, 234, 235; forms of, 236; and the mob, 241, 242; of Virginia and Massachu- setts, 258; refuse conciliatory offers, 301; Spain, Cortes abolished in 1713, King governed with Junta, 331; American Congress, 258, after the revolution, 376, 377; Austria, great council set up in, 1758, 344; the thirteen governments and circles of Joseph II., 345; Nether- lands, the Parliaments and Coun- cils of, 348
Assiento: the, 24 note, 38, 58, 99 Augsburg, League of: against France, 27, 28, 30, War of, 33, 34, 59 Australasia: need of outlet for surplus population, 378; exploration and settlement of, 379, 380; Cook's voyages round, 379; coal and sheep, 379; wine and gold, 380 Austria and the German Empire, 10-13; Ostend Co. set up by, 95; Pragmatic Sanction, 95, 121, 122, 124; War of Succession, 100, 121 et seq., 175; behaviour of France in War of Succession, 122, 124; appeals of Maria Theresa to guar- antors, 124, 125; wars and alli- ances of, Chap. V; and the Partitions of Poland, 265, 266, 340; reforms of Joseph II, 265; disputes with Holland, 338; the triple regency, 339, policy of Maria Theresa, Joseph II. and Kaunitz, 339, 340, 341; Joseph II. and changed conditions, 339-341; rela- tions with Russia, Prussia and Turkey, 340, 350; exemption of nobles from taxation, 341; Joseph and Louis XVI. contrasted, 341 et seq.; religious difficulty and reforms in Church, 343-344; change from local government to Great Council, 344; revolt in Bohemia
and Moravia, 344; revolt in Hun- gary and Galicia, 344; revolt in Netherlands, 347-350; Joseph's war with Turkey, 348, 350; the measures of Leopold, 350, 351; Leopold's dealings with the Nether- lands, 352; alliance with Prussia against France, 372
Authority: enlargement of areas of, 4; federal, needed to reconcile feudal customs, 6; first principles of, reviewed during the century, 55; revolt against, 166–168; revolt against, coincides with industrial revolution, 169; revolt against, effect of, on society, religion and science, 167-169; and trade, 171; shift of, from Lords to Commons, 178; faced with revolutionary theories, 350, 351, 358, 359; effect on, of American revolution, 371
BELGIUM: see Netherlands British Islands: people of, naval, 5, 34, 40, 41, 43, 378; cause of variation from European societies, 5, 6, 298; modify feudal usage, 8; European combinations against after Utrecht, 90, 91; growth of Colonial trade, 55 et seq.; under the first two Georges, sacrificed to Hanover, 91-93, 96; attempts at invasion of, 129; events in, at end of century, 373
CANADA: commercial monopoly in French, 135; bad financial con- dition of French, 135, 152; war in, in 1755, 144, 145; war in, in 1758- 9, 152, 153; the Quebec Act, how viewed by American colonists, 221 Change: causes of, beyond human control, 14; effect of human agency on, 15 Coal: use of in iron-manufacture, 61, 198; raised from mines by steam, 199; discovery of, in Australasia, 379
Colonies: of Holland, 57; encouraged by the Stuarts, 58; monopoly of Spanish, 58; French, in America, 64, 133, 136; Scottish, on the Isthmus of Darien, 67; and Empire, 100; early, of Latin people, 100; of northern peoples and trading companies, 101, 106; reproduce political forms and beliefs, 102; views of Europeans on, 101, 103, 104, 107; and monopoly of trade, 103-108; value
of commerce with, 104; Child on colonial relations, 107, 108; British attacks on Spanish, 111 et seq.; Colonial assemblies and home government, 141, 142, 207, 216; Lord Strange on regulation of trade in, 194; British, have cheap raw material, 197; ignorance of, in British Parliament, 199; nationality and population in British, 199 et seq.; how recruited from Europe, 200, 201, 206, 207 prophecies of independence of, 213; Union of 236
Commerce: see Trade
Companies (see East India Company): French, commercial, created by Henri IVtre, 21; created by Colbert, 23; failure of French, cause of, 24, 25; Child on monopoly of, 56; des Indes, 85; South Sea, 86- 90; Ostend, set up by Austria, 95; African or Guinea, 106; Law's scheme for, 133; Colonial, 136 et seq. Corruption: Marlborough in 1710 accused of, 37; of civil officials, 44; in Parliamentary life under Whigs of George I. and II., 96; retards transfer of political power, 178; in Ireland, 142; at accession of George III., 181, 185; sale of offices and boroughs, 186; George Grenville's election bill, 186, 187; in British elections, 219; purchase of seats in French Parlements, 335 Crime: Horace Walpole on character of police, 46, 47; savagery of criminal law, 47; persons not criminals treated as such, 47, 48; criminals sent to the colonies, 207; and see Prisons
DECLARATION OF RIGHTS (French): the absurdity of the Rights of Man, 297
Declaration of Independence (Ameri- can) the theory of the rights of man and the British Constitution, 296, 297, 298; British politicians on, a present danger, 298; effect on the French Revolution, 357, 358, 370, 371
Duty: social, the essence of society; contrasted with rights; expressed by its laws; Blackstone and Hale on, 3, 4; and rights must corres- pond, 8; British colonists not trained to, 207, 208; of a ruler, 217
EAST INDIA COMPANY: Dutch, 80, Austrian Ostend Co., 95; British, Fleets of, 43, 65; its relations with the State, blackmail for renewal of Charter, 80; finances controlled by Parliament, 284, 285; military for protection of, 267, 268; relations with natives, 270, 282-285; the inland trade, 270, 271, 282; finances of, 271-273; the reforms of Hastings, 280; goods traded in, 281; Clive's scheme for trade, 283; export of tea from, 285 Empire German, 10-13; French colonial, 21-23, 133 et seq.; com- parison of British with French, 23; Dutch colonial, 23, 24; British in the East, 136 et seq.; position of British after Seven Years' War, 225; the King the only tie between the parts of, 240; in the East founded by East India Co., 271; Austrian, and its dealings with its parts, 338-352
Equality modified by law: Blackstone 3; Lady Mary Wortley Montagu on, 166; Montesquieu defines, 170; Malouet's observa- tions on, 170; Americans and, 171; increase of central authority tends to, 328, 329; theory of, and the Rights of Man, 329
FEUDALISM: its system of living, 4; customs of, variety and collection of, 5; rested on military power, 6; how and why modified in British Islands; decay of, 8, 14; privileges of chiefs remain to nobles, 8, 78; contrasted forms of decadence, 14; in Germany, 10-13; in Poland, 15-21; in France, 21; an obstacle to reforming Kings, 176, 353 et seq. Finance: a system of credit, met by borrowing, 44; of the navy and army, 44, 45; the national debt, 44, 45; English credit good, 45; how public, affects trade, 77; public revenue in England, 76, 77, 78; public revenue in France, 78; necessity for new taxation brings on American Revolution, 78; feudal payments in England and France, 77, 78; borrowing from the gold- smiths, 78, 79; the beginnings of banking, 79; the banks of England and Scotland, 79, 80; the influence of credit, 81, 82; credit grows owing to difficulty of transport,
81, 85; experiments in finance at opening of century, 81; the precious metals and export of bullion, 81; conflict between society and the individual, 81; land as security for credit, the land bank, 82; Law's system in France, 82-86; Law's Banque Royale, 84, 85; Law's Banque and the Compagnie des Indes, 85; the South Sea Bubble, 86-90; the Bank of England and the South Sea Company, 86, 88, 89; Law's scheme and Louisiana, 133 et seq.; finance and the effects of war, 224 et seq.; banks assist in European crisis, 224; Great Britain provides capital for America and Ireland, 248; effect of measures to regulate trade on American, 257; of East India Company, 271–273, 279, 280; Choiseul and French, 335, 336; condition of, in France, 356, 366; American after Revolution, 376 France: hatred of by German States, 13; Colonial Empire and commerce of Henry IV. and Colbert, 21; the revolution of the Fronde, 21, 22; finances of, 21, 83, 86, 335, 336, 356, 366; prosperity of, under Colbert, 23, 26; he replaces nobles by officials, 23; aggressive policy of Louis XIV. brings about League of Augsburg, 27; Palatinate first devastation of, in 1674, 26, second devastation in 1689, 32; fear of union of, with Spain under the Bourbons, 27; Louis XIV. breaks with the Protestants, 30, 31; population of in 1687, 57, 58; trade of 61 et seq.; destroyed by war of Spanish Succession, 93, 136-137; advantages of double seaboard; checked by British sea power, 62; roads and corvée in, 74; and Lorraine, 121, 122, 124; plans invasions of the British islands, 129; presents an ultima- tum to Portugal, 160; timber in, shortage of for shipbuilding, 162; in Canada a check on British colon- ists, 213; compared with Ameri- cans, 297; treatment of Lally de Tollendal, 310; allies of the Americans against Great Britain, 310-311; and the first armed neutrality, 323; before the Revolu- tion, 332-336; collection of taxes in, 336, 355, 361 et seq.; the hopeless position of Louis XVI.,
336, 351 et seq., 357, 365; fear and distrust and criticism, 354; Turgot's attempts at reform, 354, 355; Parlements oppose reform, 355; conditions leading to revolu- tion, 359, 361, 364, 371; the General Assembly, 366, 369; moral conditions at Revolution, 368, 369; massacres at Revolution, 373 Freedom: see Liberty and Trade
GIBRALTAR: taken by Rooke in 1704, 43; rumour of exchange, 87; troops from, refused to Byng, 144; siege of, begins in 1779, 311; relieved by Rodney, 314; account of siege, 316-320; provisioned from Minorca and Morocco, 317, 318; relieved by Darby, 319; Minorca falls, 319
Gordon Riots: 324-328 Government: indifference of form of, 1; English, rests on common law, Continental, on Roman law, 6; George I. and II. described by Lady Mary, 92, 93; George I., Denmark and Sweden, 93; forms of, reproduced in Colonies, 102; opinions of politicians on, 145, 146; revolt against autocratic, 166; character of new rulers in latter half of century, 167; autocratic, as opposed to common law, 177; George III. and the fictions of the Whigs, 177; George III., our first constitutional King, 178, 190–193; his reign one of transition; 178; the use of the mob against George III., 178, 187; King and people against nobles, 179; ministers chosen by George III. non-party men, 179; his part in events a question of credibility of evidence, 179, 180; his education and character, 158, 189 et seq.; he forbids gambling at Court, 192; George III. and the American Revolution, 193; duties of, 217; weakness of colonial, 234; military and civil, in America, 234, 235; forms of colonial, 236; fear of arbitrary, in America, 239; personal, by George III., did not exist, 243; founded on compromise, 291; want of police, 326, 327; new rulers favour reforms in, 330; of Spain under Charles III., 331; by officials in France, 333; Louis XV. and the Parlements, 333-336; French
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