AMERICA: restlessness of, 107, 117; |
Navigation Acts and, 109, 110, 207;
deserters sent to service in, 117;
in War of Jenkins' ear, 118, 120
in Seven Years' War, 141, 149, 156;
population of British, 199, 213, 215;
Virginia, 199, New England, 200,
Middle States, 200; quality of
Colonists, 200, 201; emigrants to,
from Scotland, 201, 214; emigrants
to, from Ireland, 202, 206, 207;
Indians and other foes, 200, 213,
214; transport in, 214-216; news-
papers in 216; economic causes of
revolution, 106-108, 193-195, 288;
leaders of revolution in, 208, 211;
friction with British officials, 209-
211; terrorism used in, 208, 211;
no support for loyalists, 208, 211;
the French in Canada, 213;
geographical position of British in,
213 et seq.; the war cry, 217 et seq.;
fear of military despotism, 220,
221; dispute over right of taxa-
tion, 226-230, 238, 239; tarring
and feathering, 233; forms of
Government in, 236, 237; amount
of trade, 238, 253; behaviour in
Pontiac's war, 262; export of tea
to: the Boston outrages, 285;
reports from officials in, 287; views
of George III. on, 293-295; the
Rights of Man and New England,
298; Constitution founded on
British Common Law, 299; pre-
parations for war, 301, 302;
difficulties of the British in, 302-
305; no great leader, 304, 306;
invasion of Canada by, 306;
European allies of, 310 et seq.
capture of Henry Lawrence, 337
declaration of Independence, 358;
revolution, effect of on European
peoples, 371; legislatures after
revolution, 376, 377; financial
condition after revolution, 376;
federal constitution, 377; tariffs
the cause of difference between
North and South, 377, 378; cotton
and slave labour in, 377; growth
of population, 377, 378

Army: standing, replaces feudal
levies, 4; naval people's dread of,
6, 220, 221, 226; misuse of, under
decayed feudalism, 9; British,
always auxiliaries in Europe, 40-
43; religion in, 45; hardships of
soldiers, 45, 46, 116, 117, 118–120;
recruiting for, 46, 53, 300, 301, 311;
treatment of, by civilian, 44, 45,
116-118, 120, 142, 143, 158, 159
desertions and garrisons, 117;
political influence in, 117, 140;
Scots unwilling to enter English,
68; foreigners in, 131; the Flan-
ders school, 130, 131; engineers
and artillery, 143; in India, 140,
157, 268; in the West Indies, 143;
difficulties of strategy, 144; in
combined coast raids, 147; new
methods in, 151, 153; appalling
waste of life in, 159; increase of,
after Seven Years' War, 225; in
America, 234, 235, 301-310; Bene-
dict Arnold's march to Canada,
306; condition of Washington's,
307; Burgoyne's march to Sara-
toga, 308; act as police to put
down riots, 327; Austrian, re-
modelled by Joseph II., 347
Assemblies and Councils: vogue of
government by, decaying in eigh-
teenth century, ii; Diet of the
German Empire, 11, 12; declares
war on France, 32; the Polish Diet,
majority principle not admitted,
the Liberum Veto, 14, 17, 203,
264, 265; represented wealth and
noble birth, 17; forced to confirm
acts of Russia and Prussia, 265,
266; France; the Parlements, of
Paris, exiled for opposing Law's
system, 84; conflict in, between
King and nobles, 177; take the
place of the States General, 333-
334; the King and the, 333–336 ;
King governs through Secretaries
of State, 334; Walpole on, 335;
oppose reform in the revolution,
355; call of States General, 356;
the General Assembly, of the French
Revolution, 366-368, 371, 372;

British Parliament, corruption of
and reaction under George I. and
II., 96, 186, 219; attempts in
1719 to limit the peerage, 96;
women and, 98, 99; the first prime
ministers, 177, 178; George III.
and, 179 et seq., 187; not repre-
sentative, 196, 218; representation
in, for Colonies, 222; ignorant
of Colonial conditions, 226; right
of, to tax Colonies, 229; want of
men of ability in, 237, 238; in
1774, 286; opposition in, and the
American War, 300; Colonial
Assemblies and the Stamp Act, 230;
grants and taxes by, 234, 235;
forms of, 236; and the mob, 241,
242; of Virginia and Massachu-
setts, 258; refuse conciliatory
offers, 301; Spain, Cortes abolished
in 1713, King governed with Junta,
331; American Congress, 258, after
the revolution, 376, 377; Austria,
great council set up in, 1758, 344;
the thirteen governments and
circles of Joseph II., 345; Nether-
lands, the Parliaments and Coun-
cils of, 348

Assiento: the, 24 note, 38, 58, 99
Augsburg, League of: against France,
27, 28, 30, War of, 33, 34, 59
Australasia: need of outlet for surplus
population, 378; exploration and
settlement of, 379, 380; Cook's
voyages round, 379; coal and
sheep, 379; wine and gold, 380
Austria and the German Empire,
10-13; Ostend Co. set up by, 95;
Pragmatic Sanction, 95, 121, 122,
124; War of Succession, 100, 121
et seq., 175; behaviour of France
in War of Succession, 122, 124;
appeals of Maria Theresa to guar-
antors, 124, 125; wars and alli-
ances of, Chap. V; and the
Partitions of Poland, 265, 266,
340; reforms of Joseph II, 265;
disputes with Holland, 338; the
triple regency, 339, policy of Maria
Theresa, Joseph II. and Kaunitz,
339, 340, 341; Joseph II. and
changed conditions, 339-341; rela-
tions with Russia, Prussia and
Turkey, 340, 350; exemption of
nobles from taxation, 341; Joseph
and Louis XVI. contrasted, 341
et seq.; religious difficulty and
reforms in Church, 343-344; change
from local government to Great
Council, 344; revolt in Bohemia

and Moravia, 344; revolt in Hun-
gary and Galicia, 344; revolt in
Netherlands, 347-350; Joseph's
war with Turkey, 348, 350; the
measures of Leopold, 350, 351;
Leopold's dealings with the Nether-
lands, 352; alliance with Prussia
against France, 372

Authority: enlargement of areas of,
4; federal, needed to reconcile
feudal customs, 6; first principles
of, reviewed during the century,
55; revolt against, 166–168; revolt
against, coincides with industrial
revolution, 169; revolt against,
effect of, on society, religion and
science, 167-169; and trade, 171;
shift of, from Lords to Commons,
178; faced with revolutionary
theories, 350, 351, 358, 359; effect
on, of American revolution, 371

BELGIUM: see Netherlands
British Islands: people of, naval,
5, 34, 40, 41, 43, 378; cause of
variation from European societies,
5, 6, 298; modify feudal usage, 8;
European combinations against
after Utrecht, 90, 91; growth of
Colonial trade, 55 et seq.; under
the first two Georges, sacrificed to
Hanover, 91-93, 96; attempts at
invasion of, 129; events in, at
end of century, 373

CANADA: commercial monopoly in
French, 135; bad financial con-
dition of French, 135, 152; war in,
in 1755, 144, 145; war in, in 1758-
9, 152, 153; the Quebec Act, how
viewed by American colonists, 221
Change: causes of, beyond human
control, 14; effect of human
agency on, 15
Coal: use of in iron-manufacture, 61,
198; raised from mines by steam,
199; discovery of, in Australasia,
379

Colonies: of Holland, 57; encouraged
by the Stuarts, 58; monopoly of
Spanish, 58; French, in America,
64, 133, 136; Scottish, on the
Isthmus of Darien, 67; and
Empire, 100; early, of Latin
people, 100; of northern peoples
and trading companies, 101, 106;
reproduce political forms and
beliefs, 102; views of Europeans
on, 101, 103, 104, 107; and
monopoly of trade, 103-108; value

of commerce with, 104; Child on
colonial relations, 107, 108; British
attacks on Spanish, 111 et seq.;
Colonial assemblies and home
government, 141, 142, 207, 216;
Lord Strange on regulation of
trade in, 194; British, have cheap
raw material, 197; ignorance of,
in British Parliament, 199;
nationality and population in
British, 199 et seq.; how recruited
from Europe, 200, 201, 206, 207
prophecies of independence of, 213;
Union of 236

Commerce: see Trade

Companies (see East India Company):
French, commercial, created by
Henri IVtre, 21; created by Colbert,
23; failure of French, cause of, 24,
25; Child on monopoly of, 56;
des Indes, 85; South Sea, 86-
90; Ostend, set up by Austria,
95; African or Guinea, 106;
Law's scheme for, 133; Colonial,
136 et seq.
Corruption: Marlborough in 1710
accused of, 37; of civil officials,
44; in Parliamentary life under
Whigs of George I. and II., 96;
retards transfer of political power,
178; in Ireland, 142; at accession
of George III., 181, 185; sale of
offices and boroughs, 186; George
Grenville's election bill, 186, 187;
in British elections, 219; purchase
of seats in French Parlements, 335
Crime: Horace Walpole on character
of police, 46, 47; savagery of
criminal law, 47; persons not
criminals treated as such, 47, 48;
criminals sent to the colonies, 207;
and see Prisons

DECLARATION OF RIGHTS (French):
the absurdity of the Rights of Man,
297

Declaration of Independence (Ameri-
can) the theory of the rights of
man and the British Constitution,
296, 297, 298; British politicians
on, a present danger, 298; effect
on the French Revolution, 357,
358, 370, 371

Duty: social, the essence of society;
contrasted with rights; expressed
by its laws; Blackstone and Hale
on, 3, 4; and rights must corres-
pond, 8; British colonists not
trained to, 207, 208; of a ruler, 217

EAST INDIA COMPANY: Dutch, 80,
Austrian Ostend Co., 95; British,
Fleets of, 43, 65; its relations with
the State, blackmail for renewal of
Charter, 80; finances controlled by
Parliament, 284, 285; military for
protection of, 267, 268; relations
with natives, 270, 282-285; the
inland trade, 270, 271, 282;
finances of, 271-273; the reforms
of Hastings, 280; goods traded in,
281; Clive's scheme for trade, 283;
export of tea from, 285
Empire German, 10-13; French
colonial, 21-23, 133 et seq.; com-
parison of British with French, 23;
Dutch colonial, 23, 24; British in
the East, 136 et seq.; position of
British after Seven Years' War,
225; the King the only tie between
the parts of, 240; in the East
founded by East India Co., 271;
Austrian, and its dealings with its
parts, 338-352

on,

Equality modified by law: Blackstone
3;
Lady Mary Wortley
Montagu on, 166; Montesquieu
defines, 170; Malouet's observa-
tions on, 170; Americans and, 171;
increase of central authority tends
to, 328, 329; theory of, and the
Rights of Man, 329

FEUDALISM: its system of living, 4;
customs of, variety and collection
of, 5; rested on military power, 6;
how and why modified in British
Islands; decay of, 8, 14; privileges
of chiefs remain to nobles, 8, 78;
contrasted forms of decadence, 14;
in Germany, 10-13; in Poland,
15-21; in France, 21; an obstacle
to reforming Kings, 176, 353 et seq.
Finance: a system of credit, met by
borrowing, 44; of the navy and
army, 44, 45; the national debt,
44, 45; English credit good, 45;
how public, affects trade, 77;
public revenue in England, 76, 77,
78; public revenue in France, 78;
necessity for new taxation brings on
American Revolution, 78; feudal
payments in England and France,
77, 78; borrowing from the gold-
smiths, 78, 79; the beginnings of
banking, 79; the banks of England
and Scotland, 79, 80; the influence
of credit, 81, 82; credit grows
owing to difficulty of transport,

81, 85; experiments in finance at
opening of century, 81; the
precious metals and export of
bullion, 81; conflict between
society and the individual, 81;
land as security for credit, the
land bank, 82; Law's system in
France, 82-86; Law's Banque
Royale, 84, 85; Law's Banque and
the Compagnie des Indes, 85; the
South Sea Bubble, 86-90; the
Bank of England and the South Sea
Company, 86, 88, 89; Law's
scheme and Louisiana, 133 et seq.;
finance and the effects of war, 224
et seq.; banks assist in European
crisis, 224; Great Britain provides
capital for America and Ireland,
248; effect of measures to regulate
trade on American, 257; of East
India Company, 271–273, 279, 280;
Choiseul and French, 335, 336;
condition of, in France, 356, 366;
American after Revolution, 376
France: hatred of by German States,
13; Colonial Empire and commerce
of Henry IV. and Colbert, 21; the
revolution of the Fronde, 21, 22;
finances of, 21, 83, 86, 335, 336,
356, 366; prosperity of, under
Colbert, 23, 26; he replaces nobles
by officials, 23; aggressive policy
of Louis XIV. brings about League
of Augsburg, 27; Palatinate first
devastation of, in 1674, 26, second
devastation in 1689, 32; fear of
union of, with Spain under the
Bourbons, 27; Louis XIV. breaks
with the Protestants, 30, 31;
population of in 1687, 57, 58;
trade of 61 et seq.; destroyed by
war of Spanish Succession, 93,
136-137; advantages of double
seaboard; checked by British sea
power, 62; roads and corvée in,
74; and Lorraine, 121, 122, 124;
plans invasions of the British
islands, 129; presents an ultima-
tum to Portugal, 160; timber in,
shortage of for shipbuilding, 162;
in Canada a check on British colon-
ists, 213; compared with Ameri-
cans, 297; treatment of Lally de
Tollendal, 310; allies of the
Americans against Great Britain,
310-311; and the first armed
neutrality, 323; before the Revolu-
tion, 332-336; collection of taxes
in, 336, 355, 361 et seq.; the
hopeless position of Louis XVI.,

336, 351 et seq., 357, 365; fear and
distrust and criticism, 354;
Turgot's attempts at reform, 354,
355; Parlements oppose reform,
355; conditions leading to revolu-
tion, 359, 361, 364, 371; the
General Assembly, 366, 369; moral
conditions at Revolution, 368, 369;
massacres at Revolution, 373
Freedom: see Liberty and Trade

GIBRALTAR: taken by Rooke in 1704,
43; rumour of exchange, 87;
troops from, refused to Byng, 144;
siege of, begins in 1779, 311;
relieved by Rodney, 314; account
of siege, 316-320; provisioned
from Minorca and Morocco, 317,
318; relieved by Darby, 319;
Minorca falls, 319

Gordon Riots: 324-328
Government: indifference of form of,
1; English, rests on common law,
Continental, on Roman law, 6;
George I. and II. described by
Lady Mary, 92, 93; George I.,
Denmark and Sweden, 93; forms
of, reproduced in Colonies, 102;
opinions of politicians on, 145, 146;
revolt against autocratic, 166;
character of new rulers in latter half
of century, 167; autocratic, as
opposed to common law, 177;
George III. and the fictions of the
Whigs, 177; George III., our first
constitutional King, 178, 190–193;
his reign one of transition; 178; the
use of the mob against George III.,
178, 187; King and people against
nobles, 179; ministers chosen by
George III. non-party men, 179;
his part in events a question of
credibility of evidence, 179, 180;
his education and character, 158,
189 et seq.; he forbids gambling
at Court, 192; George III. and
the American Revolution, 193;
duties of, 217; weakness of
colonial, 234; military and civil,
in America, 234, 235; forms of
colonial, 236; fear of arbitrary, in
America, 239; personal, by George
III., did not exist, 243; founded
on compromise, 291; want of
police, 326, 327; new rulers favour
reforms in, 330; of Spain under
Charles III., 331; by officials in
France, 333; Louis XV. and the
Parlements, 333-336; French