809

831

845

855

863

864

879

895

900

950

THE RISE OF PONTIFICAL POWER.

CHARLEMAGNE convokes a Council at Aix-la-Chapelle:-He protects the Church, and exalts the See of Rome.

This Imperial reign is not more distinguished by the renewal of the Roman Empire in the West, than by the attention paid to the learning of the age. Charlemagne, by the aid of Alcuin, founds a school at Paris, which is generally resorted to.

Theophilus, Gr. Emp. prohibits the worship of Images in his Empire. Rabanus Maurus, Abbot of Fulda, Archbishop of Mentz: a celebrated disciple of Alcuin,

At this time, history makes mention of a female having been raised to the papacy, under the name of Pope Joan: the truth of which tradition, though now generally discredited, was nevertheless a subject of active controversy.

Photius, the learned Patriarch of Constantinople.

Conversion of Russia, and Bulgaria, to the Greek Church.

Final separation of the Eastern and Western Churches.

Alfred, King of England, founds the University of Oxford: encourages learning, by his own example.

In this, and the following century, Christianity is widely spread among the Swedes, Danes, Saxons, Huns, Bohemians, Moravians, Sclavonians, Poles, and into India.

This age is styled the Age of Ignorance; yet the papal doctrines, of Transubstantiation, the worship of Images, Saints, and the Cross, and the Celibacy of the Clergy, are continually opposed, although maintained by the power of the Popes; who persecute and condemn all their opponents, as Heretics. The power of the Pontiff progressively increases. In this, and the preceding century, the Decretals are forged, to give authority to the papal usurp. tions :The Legends of the Saints are fabricated:-Saints are canonized: -The Festival of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary is introduced, &c.

High power acquired by the Monks in England:
:-

Dunstan, Abbot of Glastonbury; afterwards Archbishop of Canter bury. Celibacy of the Clergy enforced in England.

The influence of the Religious Orders increases.

The Emperors are gradually divested of their authority by the Popes. 962 John XII. crowns OTHO, King of Germany, EMPEROR of ROME. FOUNDATION OF THE PAPAL SOVEREIGNTY.

962

996

1009

1048 1053

1073 1076

1084

1096

1099

1100

1106

1122

1

1141

1147

1153

1178

1188

1226

MODERN HISTORY.

RELIGIOUS.

THE FOUNDATION OF THE PAPAL SOVEREIGNTY. OTHо, confirms to the See of Rome the donations of Pepin and Charlemagne.

Concordate between GREGORY V. and OTHO III. uuiting the Crowns of ROME and GERMANY for ever.

The Saracens ravage Jerusalem.

The POPF, now CROWNED for the first time.

Schism of the Greek and Latin Churches.-The Pope excommu-
nicates the Patriarch of Constantinople, and the Greeks.-Edward
the Confessor, King of England.

Hildebrand, Gregory VII., exalts the Papacy above the Empire.
Submission of the Emperor, Henry IV., to Gregory.

St. Bruno founds the Order of Carthusians.

First Cruzade.-Godfrey of Bouillon.-Urban II.

Jerusalem taken from the Saracens :-Is erected into a kingdom :-
The Order of Knights of St. John of Jerusalem instituted.
Incorporation of the University of Paris.

Contest in Eng. concerning the Investiture of Bishops. St. Anselm.
First General Lateran Council; for the Recovery of the Holy Land.
Abelard St. Bernard-Peter Lombard, Master of the Sentences.
Second Cruzade.-1164. Council of Clarendon-Tho. à Becket.
Party of the Guelfs and Gibbelines.-Univ. of Cambridge f.
The Pope, Alexander III., sends a Legate into Tartary to Prester
John.-Benj. of Tudela. Maimonides.

Third Cruzade.-Jerusalem taken by Saladin.

1203 Fourth Cruzade.-1204. The Inquisition founded by St. Dominic.
Persecution of the Albigenses, or early Reformers.-Univ. of Padua f.
The Fifth Cruzade.-St. Lewis departs for the Holy Land.
The University of the Sorbonne founded.-Mat. Paris.-Albert M.
Thomas Aquinas.-Roger Bacon.

1248

1253

1256

1268 1272

1310 1346

1365 1362

1378

1418

1407 1414

1452

1480

1500

1513 1519

Loss of the Holy Land by the Christians.-Antioch taken. Foundation of the Academy of Florence.-Many similar Societies formed about this time.-Raymond Lully.

Dante.-1340. Petrarch-Boccacio Chaucer.

Foundation of the Univ. of Valladolid.-1348. Univ. of Prague.
Univ. of Vienna and Geneva founded.-87. of Sienna, and Cologne.
Wickliff exposes the Church of Rome; and prepares the Reforma-
tion. His disciples are denominated Lollards, and suffer severe
persecution. He translates the Holy Scriptures into English.
Great Schism of the Western Church; two Popes claiming the papal
dignity, and being severally abetted by different Powers.

John Huss preaches the Reformation of the Church, in Bohemia
The Council of Constance-condemns the doctrines of Wickliff,
John Huss, and Jerom of Prague; and causes the two latter to be
burnt alive.

Last Coronation of an Emperor in Rome-Frederick III. Emperor.
The Inquisition established in Spain, under Ferdinand and Isabella.
The Popes acquire the absolute Dominion of ROME. Machiavel.
LEO X.-Erasmus-F. Ximenes-Poggio-Lewis Vives--Reuchlin, &c.
LUTHER, opposes the scandalous abuse of INDULGENCES.

THE REVIVAL OF LETTERS, AND REFORMATION.

1106

Henry V. Emperor.

1135

1152

1154

1189

1199

1216

1226

1271

1273

1282

1283

1302

1307

1327

1338

1350

1355

1377

1399

1413 1422

1440

Henry I. King of England.-
Lewis VI. le Gros, K. of Fr.

Stephen, King of England.-1180
Lewis VII. King of France.
Frederick Barbarossa, Emp.
Henry II. King of England.-

Phil. Aug. King of France.
Richard I. King of England.-
John,Kg. of E.--Magna Charta.
Henry III. King of England.-
Lewis VIII. King of France.
St. Lewis IX. King of France.
Edward I. King of England.-
Philip III. IV. Kings of Fr.
Rodolph, of Hapsburgh, Emp.
the first of the Aust. family.
The Sicilian Vespers.
Wales conq.-united to Eng.
The Mariners' Compass inv.
Edward II. King of England.
Edward III. King of Eng.-
28. Phil. de Valois, K. of F.
Gunpowder invented in Germ.
Order of the Garter instituted.

Charles VI. Emp.--Gold. Bull.
Richard II. King of England.
Henry IV. Kg. of England -
Charles VI. King of France.
Henry V. King of England.
Henry VI. King of England.
Charles VII. Kg. of France.
The Art of Printing invented.
Edward IV. K. of England.-
Lewis XI. King of France.
Lorenzo di Medici.
Edward V. Kg. of England.-
Richard III. King.

1461

1471 1433

1453

LAST EMP.
Constantinople taken by MA-
HOMET II.

EXTINCTION of the SECOND, or
GR. HEAD of ROMAN EMP.

1179Const. Manasses. Isaac Ang. Emp.-1184. Will of Tyre.

1201

1206

Baldwin II. last Fr. Emp.
Theodore Lascaris II. Emp.-
John Lascaris, Emp.

1309

1321

1341

1370

The Knights of St. John of
Jerusalem occupy Rhodes.
Abulfeda, Prince of Syria, the
great Arabian Geographer.
John Paleologus, Emperor.
The Turks first enter Europe,

1387

1391

1453

1519 1529

1535

1547 1549

1553 1558

1572 1582

1590

1605

1613

1610

1648

1649 1660

1663

1688

1752

1769 1789

1804

1810

1811

MODERN HISTORY.

RELIGIOUS

THE REVIVAL OF LETTERS, AND REFORMATION: Inther-Melancthon-Bucer--Zuinglius--Ecolampadius-Calvin,

&c.

The name of Protestant, first used in the Diet of Spires.-1530. Con-
fession of Augsburg-1531. League of Smalkalde.
Order of Jesuits founded, by St. Ignatius Loyala.

The Reformation established in England, under King Edward VI.
The Council of Trent: efforts of the Church of Rome to consolidate
its remaining power.-Polyd. Virgil-Copernicus-Jul. Scaliger.
Temporary revival of Popery in England, under Queen Mary.
Final overthrow of Popery in England, under Queen Elizabeth.
Puritans, or Calvinistic Protestants, first appear in England.
Massacre of Fr. Protestants; St. Barthol.-Heresy of F. & L. Socinus.
Pope Gregory XIII. corrects the CALENDAR.-Joseph Scaliger-
Tycho Brahe-Torquatus Tasso.

F. Bacon, Ld. Verulam-Father Paul Sarpi-Thuanus, or de Thou-
Casaubon, &e.

I

Conspiracy of the Popish party in England, Nov. 5-Guido Fawkes.
The Synod of Dort, against Arminius.--Joseph Mede-Buxtorf.
Galileo-Grotins-Des Cartes-Gassendi-Bochart-Br. Walton-
Marsham, &c.

The Peace of Westphalia, or Munster, between the Protestant and
Roman Catholic States; confirming the privileges of the former.
The Church and State of England subverted.-Milton-Selden.».
The Church and State of England restored.-Religion, Learning, and
Science, flourish eminently in Brit.-The Royal Society founded.
Robert Boyle-Isaac Barrow-Bishop Pearson, &c.
The R. Academy of Inscriptions:-1666. The R. Acad. of Sciences:
established at Paris.-1681. W. Penn, founds Pennsylvania.
Bishop Burnet-Locke-Archbishop Tillotson-Prideaux-Bossnet-
Fenelon-Bishop Sherlock-Bishop Bull-Hyde-Ray-Puffen-
dorf-Herbelot-Bayle, &c.

Sir Isaac Newton-Leibnitz-Wallis-Halley-Flamstead÷Cassini.
A spirit of sophistry, metaphysical scepticism, and active infidelity,
distinguishes the beginning and progress of this century, and pre-
pares the way for the calamities which have so awfully characte-
rised its conclusion.-The names of Addison, Butier, Leland,
Johnson, Beattie, &c. are consecrated by their opposition to
the impieties of IIobbes, Hume, Voltaire, Gibbon, &c.
The Calendar is corrected in England, and the Old, or Julian Style,
changed for the Gregorian.

Pope Clement XIV., Ganganelli, suppresses the Order of the Jesuits.
The moral and intellectual disorder of this century at length pro-
duces a GFNFRAL REVOLUTION IN CHRISTENDOM.

The Gallican Church subverted.-Monastic orders suppressed.-Civil
and religions licentiousness, propagated in Europe.-Anc. Crowns
and States extinguished.-New Crowns and Kingdoms erected.
Pope Pius VII. consecrates Napoleon Buonaparte Emperor of
France, at Paris; with whom he enters into a Concordate, for
regulating the Church of France.

The City and Principality of ROME is annexed by Napoleon to the
FRENCH EMPIRE.

THE EXTINCTION OF THE PAPAL SOVEREIGNTY. NAPOLEON, having imprisoned Pope Pius VII., convokes a Ge neral Council of the Prelates of his Empire, but is disappointed of his purpose.