from the northern bank to an island in the middle, and the other from the island to the southern bank. The former was much injured in the revolutionary war; but the latter, consisting of twelve elliptical arches, each of sixty feet span, is still one of the finest structures of the kind in France. The principal street, built on a line with this bridge, contains the theatre, and various other elegant buildings. The castle, situated on an eminence which commands the town, is a very ancient building, and is used as a depot for military stores. The cavalry barracks are spacious and handsome, and the town contains several squares and Roman and Celtic antiquities. Its chief attraction, however, is the beauty of the surrounding scenery. Saumur was formerly fortified, and has long been noted for Protestantism. In the time of Henry IV. the governor of this part of France, Duplessis Mornay, founded here a Protestant academy, much resorted to during the seventeenth century. It has manufactures of linen, woollens, leather, and some trade in wine and brandy. Saumur was the birthplace of madame Dacier. The road to Tours is along the banks of the Loire, on the great mound called the Leve. Twenty-seven miles south-east of Angers, and thirty-eight W. S. W. of Tours. SAUNDERS, in botany and dyeing. See PTEROCARPUS SANTALUM.

SAUNDERSON (Dr. Robert), an eminent preacher, born at Rotherham in Yorkshire, in 1587. He attended the grammar-school at Rotherham, where he made such rapid proficiency that at thirteen he was sent to Lincoln College, Oxford. In 1608 he was appointed logic reader. He took orders in 1611, and was promoted successively to several benefices. Archbishop Laud recommended him to king Charles I. as a profound casuist, who appointed him one of his chaplains in 1631. The king regularly attended his sermons, and said that he carried his ears to hear others, but his conscience to hear Saunder son. In 1642 Charles created him regius professor of divinity at Oxford and canon of Christ Church; but in 1648 he was ejected by the visitors from the parliament. When the parliament proposed the abolition of the episcopal form of church-government, Charles desired him to take the subject under his consideration. He accordingly wrote a treatise entitled Episcopacy as Established by law in England not Prejudicial to Regal Power. At the request of the celebrated Boyle, who sent him a present of £50, Saunderson published his book De Conscientia. On the restoration of Charles II. he recovered his professor hip and canonry, and soon after was made bishop of Lincoln. During the two years and a half in which he possessed this new office, he spent a considerable sum in augmenting poor vicarages, in repairing the palace at Bugden, &c. He died January 29th, 1663, in his seventysixth year. 1. In 1615 he published Logica Artis Compendium, which was the system of lectures he had read in the University. 2. Sermons, amounting to thirty-six, printed in 1681, folio, with the author's life by Walton. 3. Nine Cases of Conscience Resolved; 1678, 8vo. 4. De Juramenti Obligatione. This book was translated into English by Charles I. while a

prisoner in the Isle of Wight, and printed in London in 1665, 8vo. 5. De Obligatione Conscientiæ. 6. Censure of Mr. Antony Ascham, and of his book of the Confusions and Revolutions of Government. 7. Pax Ecclesiæ, concerning Predestination, or the Five Points. 8. Two Discourses in Defence of Archbishop Usher's Writings.

SAUNDERSON (Dr. Nicolas), born at Thurlstone in Yorkshire in 1682, lost his sight by the small-pox before he was a year old. But nevertheless he was initiated into the Greek and Roman authors at a free school at Penniston After spending some years studying the languages, his father, who was in the excise, began to teach him arithmetic. He soon surpassed his father; and made long and difficult calculations without any sensible marks to assist his memory. At eighteen he was taught the principles of Algebra and geometry by Richard West, esq., of Undoorbank, who, though a gentleman of fortune, yet, being strongly attached to mathematical learning, undertook his education. Saunderson was also assisted in his mathematical studies by Dr. Nettleton. These two gentlemen read books to him and explained them. Some of his friends, who had remarked his perspicuous manner of communicating his ideas, proposed that he should attend the university of Cambridge as a teacher of mathematics. This proposal was immediately put in execution; and he was conducted to Cambridge, in his twenty-fifth year, by Mr. Joshua Dunn, a fellow-commoner of Christ's College. The subject of his lectures was the Principia Mathematica, the Optics, and Arithmetica Universalis of Sir Isaac Newton, and he was attended by a very numerous audience. When Whiston was removed from his professorship, Saunderson was universally allowed to be the man best qualified for the succession. The heads of the university applied to their chancellor, the duke of Somerset, who procured the royal mandate to confer upon him the degree of A. M. He was then elected Lucasian professor of mathematics in November 1711. He now devoted his whole time to his lectures. When George II., in 1728, visited the university of Cambridge, he expressed a desire to see professor Saunderson. He waited upon his majesty in the senate house, and was there, by the king's command, created LL.D. He was admitted F. R.S. in 1736. He was naturally of a vigorous constitution; but his sedentary life at length rendered him scorbutic. He died on the 19th of April, 1739, aged fifty-seven. He wrote a system of algebra, which was published in 2 vols. 4to. at London, after his death in 1740, at the expense of the University. Dr. Saunderson invented for his own use a Palpable Arithmetic; that is, a method of performing operations in arithmetic solely by the sense of touch. In the cabinet of medals, at Cambridge, he could single out the Roman medals with the utmost correctness; he could Iso perceive the slightest variation in the atmosphere. When he walked, he knew when he passed by a tree, a wall, or a house. He made these distinctions from the different way his face was affected by the motion of the air. In his youth he had been a performer on the flute; and

That Jews stink naturally, that is, that there is in their race an evil savour, is a received opinion we know not how to admit. Browne's Vulgar Errours. This mufti is some English renegado, he talks so savourily of toaping. Dryden's Don Sebastian. The collation he fell to very savourily. L'Estrange. A directer influence from the sun gives fruit a better savour and a greater worth. South.

I have rejected every thing that savours of party.

Addison. Truffles, which have an excellent oil, and a volatile salt of a grateful savour, are heating.

Arbuthnot on Diet. SAVOY, a duchy of the north-west part of the continental states of Sardinia, extending from lat. 45° 8′ to 46° 28' N. It is bounded on the west by France, on the east by Piedmont. Its form is oblong, its length from north to south being ninety-four miles, its general breadth between sixty and seventy. Its superficial extent is about 3800 square miles; its population about 450,000.

The scenery of Savoy, less remarkable for beauty than for grandeur, produces in the mind of the spectator feelings of awe, and even terror. From the bleak tops of the mountains the view is infinitely diversified: the bottom of the valley is strewed with cottages, fields, and vineyards; verdant pastures extend along the base, and through a considerable part of the ascent: here succeed forests, often of great length; while the summit is crowned with snow and ice. Savoy is the region of Mount Blanc, Mount St. Bernard, Mount Cenis, Mount Iseran, Mount Valaison, and Mount Toumet, all connected, forming the stupendous barrier between Savoy and Piedmont. The roads are often impassable for carriages, and burdens are generally carried on the backs of horses or mules. Wheat, barley, oats, rye, and hemp, are produced in the valleys: and the pasturage enables the agriculturists to send numbers of fine cattle into Piedmont and the Milanese. The exports are chiefly raw produce, such as cheese, butter, hemp, tanned skins, and wool. The transit trade between France and Italy is carried on chiefly by the new road across Mount VOL. XIX.

Cenis: the manufactures are confined to a few coarse linens, tanning, hardware, pottery, and a little paper.

The Savoyards have a brown complexion, from their frequent exposure to the air, and live chiefly in the country; for except Chambery, their capital, there is no town of 5000 inhabitants. From the simplicity of their manners, and their frugality and sobriety, they have, by some writers, been compared to the Germans, as described by Tacitus. An uninstructed, they are at the same time an uncorrupted people. The language in common use is a mixture of French and Italian. The Savoyards quit their native mountains, in the same way as the Welsh or the Scottish Highlanders, and are remarked for pursuing a variety of petty callings. The Savoyards,' says Mr. Galette, a late observer, are good-natured, gentle, plain in their manners, simple in their affection, faithful, and honest. Improvidence is a striking feature in their national character, and is as strong in the nobleman as the peasant. They are always in debt; and I really should not think it possible to name three persons among a hundred, taken at random, whose property would be free from incumbrance. They are unthinkingly liberal and generous; yet they cannot bring themselves to pay what they owe! If you happen to have a claim for £5 on a Savoyard, he will, very probably, spend £100 in giving you and your whole family a hearty hospitable reception, for months, but the poor £5 will not be forthcoming after all. The laws, with respect to debtors, are the worst in Europe; they are framed in such a manner as effectually to prevent strangers from lending pecuniary assistance to the natives, even on the best landed security.' On the whole, this country is very far behind the rest of Europe, and seems to belong to another century, or to another quarter of the globe.

Savoy (derived from the Latin Sabaudia) was the country of a well known tribe of Celtic origin, the Allobroges, who were subjugated in the reign of Augustus. Their country formed a part of the great province of Gallia Narbonensis, and remained in possession of the Romans during several centuries; a length of possession which accounts for the numerous remains of Roman antiquities found in different parts. After various changes, it was erected, in the beginning of the eleventh century, into a county. In the fifteenth century it became a dukedom, and had a large accession of power in the acquisition of Piedmont. The ducal family, as we have seen in the article SARDINIA, acquired the royal title in 1719, and with it nearly its present dominions.

SAVOY, in botany. See BRASSICA.

SAURIN (James), a celebrated preacher, born at Nismes in 1677, and the son of a Protestant lawyer of eminence. He applied to his studies with great success; but at length he relinquished them for the profession of arms. In 1694 he made a campaign as a cadet in lord Galloway's company, and soon afterwards obtained a pair of colors in the regiment of colonel Renault, which served in Piedmont. But, the duke of Savoy having made peace with France, he returned to Geneva, and resumed the study of philosophy

and theology, under Turretin and other professors. In 1700 he visited Holland, then came to England, where he remained for several years, and married. In 1705 he returned to the Hague, where he fixed his residence, and preached with the most unbounded applause. His sermons, especially those published during his life, are distinguished for justness of thought, and an elegant unaffected style. Saurin died on the 30th of December, 1730, aged fifty-three. He wrote 1. Sermons, in 12 vols. 8vo. and 12mo. 2. Discourses Historical, Critical, and Moral, on the most memorable Events of the Old and New Testament. This is his greatest and most valuable work. It was printed first in 2 vols. folio. Beausobre and Roques undertook a continuation of it, and increased it to 4 vols. 3. The State of Christianity in France, 1725, 8vo. 4. An Abridgment of Christian Theology and Morality, in the form of a Catechism, 1722, 8vo. He afterwards published an abridgment of this work. 5. His Dissertation on the Expediency of sometimes disguising the Truth raised a multitude of enemies against him. In this discourse his plan was to state the arguments of those who affirm that, in certain cases, it is lawful to disguise truth, and the answers of those who maintained the contrary. He does not determine the question, but seems, however, to incline to the first opinion. He was immediately attacked by several adversaries, and a long controversy ensued; but his doctrines and opinions were at length publicly approved of by the synods of Campen and of the Hague.

SAURIN (Joseph), a geometrician of the Academy of Sciences at Paris, born at Courtouson, in the principality of Orange, in 1659. His father, who was a minister at Grenoble, was his first preceptor. He made rapid progress in his studies, and was admitted minister of Eure, in Dauphiny, when very young; but, having made use of some violent expressions in one of his sermons, he was obliged to quit France in 1683. He retired to Geneva, and thence to Berne, where he obtained a considerable living; but soon after repaired to Holland. He returned afterwards to France, and surrendered himself to Bossuet bishop of Meaux, who obliged him to make a recantation of his errors. He was favor ably received by Louis XIV., obtained a pension from him, and was treated by the Academy of Sciences with the most flattering respect. At that time (1717) geometry formed his principal occupation. He adorned the Journal des Scavans with many excellent treatises; and he added to the Memoirs of the Academy many interesting papers. These are the only works which he has left.

He died in Paris December 29th, 1737, in his seventy-eighth year, of a fever. SAUROMATE. See SARMATE. SAURURUS, in botany, lizard's tail, a genus of the tetragynia order and heptandria class of plants; natural order second, piperita: CAL. a catkin, with uniflorous scales: COR. none; germina four and four monospermous berries.

SAUSSURE (Horace Benedict), de, was born in Geneva in 1740. His earliest passion was botany his father was a scientific agriculturalist; and a variegated soil, abundant in plants of dif

ferent kinds, invites the inhabitant of the banks of the Leman to cultivate that agreeable science. This taste produced an intimacy between De Saussure and the great Haller. De Saussure was induced also to study the vegetable kingdom, by his connexion with Ch. Bonnet, who had married his aunt, and who soon set a just value on the rising talents of his nephew. Bonnet was then employed on the leaves of plants. De Saussure studied these organs of vegetables also, and he published the result of his researches, under the title of Observations on the Bark of Leaves. This small work, which appeared soon after 1760, contains new observations on the epidermis of leaves, and in particular on the miliary glands by which they are covered. About that period, the place of professor of philosophy falling vacant, it was conferred upon De Saus sure, who was then only twenty-one years of age. At that time the two professors of philosophy at Geneva taught physics and logic alternately. De Saussure discharged this double task with equal success. For physics, however, he had the greatest taste, and they conducted him to the study of chemistry and mineralogy. He then began his travels through the mountains; not now to examine their vegetable productions, but to study their geological character. During the first fifteen or twenty years of his professorsh.p he employed himself by turns in discharging the duties of his office, and in traversing the different Alpine ranges near Geneva. He even extended his excursions on one side as far as the banks of the Rhine, and on the other to Piedmont. At the same time he undertook a journey to Auvergne, to examine there the extinguished volcanoes, and another to Paris, England, and Holland. After that he visited Italy and Sicily. In 1779 he published the first volume of his Travels through the Alps; which contains a minute description of the environs of Geneva, and an excursion as far as Chamouni, a village at the bottom of Mont Blanc. Amidst his numerous excursions through the Alps, and at the time of the political troubles of Geneva in 1782, he made his experiments on hygrometry, which he published in 1783, under the title of Essays on Hygrometry. In 1786 De Saussure resigned the professor's chair, which he had filled for about twenty-five years, to his pupil and fellowlaborer Pictet. The second volume of his Travels was published in 1786. It contains a description of the Alps around Mont Blanc, and also some interesting experiments on electricity, and a description of his electrometer. Some years after the publication of the second volume of his Travels, he was admitted as a foreign associate of the Academy of Sciences of Paris. De Saussure was the founder of the Genevese Society of Arts, over which he presided till the last moment of his life; and one of his fondest wishes was the preservation of this useful establishment. By his fatiguing labors in the council of Five Hundred, of which he was a member, and afterwards in the National assembly, his health, how ever began to be deranged, and in 1794 he was almost deprived of the use of his limbs by a stroke of the palsy. But his mind still preserved its activity; and after that accident he revised the

two last volumes of his Travels, which appeared in 1796. They contain an account of his excursions to the mountains of Piedmont and Switzerland, and in particular of his journey to the summit of Mont Blanc. It was also during his illness that he directed the experiments made on the height of the bed of the Arve, and that he published Observations on the Fusibility of Stones by the Blow-pipe, which were inserted in the Journal de Physique. Having gone for the sake of his health to the baths of Plombiers, he still observed the mountains at a distance, and caused to be brought to him specimens of the strata which he perceived in the steepest rocks. He had announced that he would conclude his travels with some ideas on the primitive state of the earth; but the more he acquired new facts, and the more he meditated on the subject, the more uncertain did his opinions become in regard to those grand revolutions which preceded the present epoch. Though the state of his health began gradually to become worse, the French government appointed him professor of philosophy at the Special School of Paris; but his strength was exhausted. On the 22d of March, 1799, he terminated his brilliant career at the age of fifty-nine. Saussure was not only the author of many Essays and Papers, relating to natural history, but displayed his ingenuity by the construction of a thermometer for measuring the temperature of water at various depths, of a hygrometer, to determine the quantity of aqueous vapor in the air, of a eudiometer to ascertain the purity of the atmosphere, of an electrometer, an anemometer, and other philosophical instruments. He had a most extensive correspondence with men of science.

SAVU, an island in the eastern seas, described by Cook as twenty miles in length; in the middle are hills of a considerable height. It is represented both by captain Cook and by M. Labillarde as presenting an enchanting prospect from the sea. The principal trees of this island,' says our great navigator, are the fan-palm, the cocoa-nut, tamarind, limes, oranges, and mangoes; and other vegetable productions are maize, Guinea-corn, rice, millet, calevances, and watermelons. We saw also one sugar-cane, and a few kinds of European garden stuff, particularly celery, marjoram, fennel, and garlic. For the supply of luxury, it has betel, areca, tobacco, cotton, indigo, and a small quantity of cinnamon, which seems to be planted here only for curiosity. There are, however, several kinds of fruit besides those which have been already mentioned. The tame animals are buffaloes, sheep, goats, hogs, fowls, pigeons, horses, asses, dogs, and cats; and of all these there is great plenty. The sheep are of the kind which in England are called Bengal sheep, and differ from ours in many particulars. The fowls are chiefly of the game breed, and large, but the eggs are remarkably small. Of the fish which the sea produces here we know but little turtles are sometimes found upon the coast, and are by these people, as well as all others, considered as a dainty. The people are rather under than above the middling size; the women especially are remarkably short, and squat built; their complexion is a dark brown,

and their hair universally black and lank. The men are in general well made, vigorous, and active, and have a greater variety in the make and disposition of their features than usual; the countenances of the women are, on the contrary, all alike. The men fasten their hair up to the top of their heads with a comb; the women tie it behind in a club, which is very far from becoming. Both sexes eradicate the hair from under the arm, and the men do the same with their beards, for which purpose the better sort always carry a pair of silver pincers, hanging by a string round their necks; some, however, suffer a very little hair to remain upon their upper lips; but this is always kept short. The dress of both sexes consists of cotton cloth, which being dyed blue in the yarn, and not uniformly of the same shade, is in clouds or waves of that color, and even in our eye had not an inelegant appearance. This cloth they manufacture themselves; and two pieces, each about two yards long and a yard and a half wide, make a dress. Almost all the men had their names traced upon their arms in indelible characters of a black color; and the women had a square ornament of flourished lines impressed in the same manner, just under the bend of the elbow. The houses of Savu are all built upon the same plan, and differ only in size, being large in proportion to the rank and riches of the proprietor. Some are 400 feet long, and some are not more than twenty; they are all raised upon posts or piles about four feet high. When the natives of this island were first formed into a civil society is not certainly known, but at present it is divided into five principalities or nigrees: Laai, Seba, Regecua, Timo, and Massara, each of which is governed by its respective rajah or king. The religion of these people, according to Mr. Lange's information, is an absurd kind of Paganism, every man choosing his own god, and determining for himself how he should be worshipped, so that there are almost as many gods and modes of worship as there are people. In their morals, however, they are said to be irreproachable.' Long. 122° 30′ E., lat. 10° 35′ S.

SAUVAGES (Francis Boissier), de, an eminent French physician, born in 1706. His abilities procured him the professorships of medicine and botany in the university of Montpellier. His works are very numerous. The principal are, 1. Theoria Febris, 1738, 12mo. : 2. Nosologia Methodica; 5 vols. 8vo. 1763: 3. Physiologiæ Mechanica Elementa; 1755, 12mo.

SAUVAGESIA, in botany, a genus of the monogynia order, and pentandria class of plants: COR. pentapetalous and fringed: CAL. pentaphyllous; the nectarium the same, having its leaves placed alternately with the petals: CAPS. unilocular. Species one; a West Indian plant.

SAW, n. s. Sax. raga; Belg. saeghe; Goth. saga. A saying; maxim; proverb.

Good king, that must approve the common saw : Thou out of Heaven's benediction comest To the warm sun! Shakspeare. King Lear. His weapons, holy saws of sacret writ Shakspeare. Strict age and sour severity, With their grave saws in slumber lie.

Milton.