CHAPTER IV.

THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY.

I. THE THIRTY YEARS' WAR.

NALYSIS. 1. German history from 1558 to 1618. The events that led to be "Thirty fears' War." Extent of that war.-2. Ferdinand succeeds Matthias as emperor of Germany, but is deposed in Bohemia. Frederic the elector-palatine. THE PALATINE PERIOD OF THE WAR. [Prague.]-3. Mansfeldt is unable to cope with the imperial generals. Protestant alliance with the Danes, and opening of the DANISH PERIOD OF THE WAR. Defeat of the Danish king by Tilly. [Lutter. Göttingen. Brunswick.]-4. The Danes are driven from Hungary, and most of Denmark is conquered. Ambitious views of Ferdinand. Siege of Stralsund. Treaty of Lubec. [Stralsund. Lubec.]-5. The hopes of a general peace. Tyranny of Ferdinand, and revolt of the Protestants. Interposition of Gustavus Adolphus, and opening of the SWEDISH PERIOD OF THE WAR -6. Intrigues of Richelieu, -leading to the invasion of Germany by the Swedes in 1630. [Rochelle.]-7. Contempt in which the Swedes were held by the Germans. [Pomerania.] Character of the opposing forces. The military system of Gustavus.-8. Early successes of the Swedes. Magdeburg plundered and burned by the imperialists. [Magdeburg.]-9. Compensation for the loss of Magdeberg. [Leipsic.] Gustavus overruns Germany. Death of Tilly.-10. Successes of Wallenstein. [Nuremburg. Dresden.] Death of Gustavus. [Lutzen.]-11. Close of the Swedish period of the war, and death of Wallenstein. The FRENCH PERIOD OF THE WAR.-12. Circumstances of the leaguing of the French with the Protestants. The Rhine becomes the chief seat of the war.-13. The remainder of the Thirty Years' War. Death of Ferdinand. Death of Louis XIII. and Richelieu. Treaty of Westphalia [Westphalia] Condition of Germany.-14. Chief articles of the treaty of Westphalia.

II. ENGLISH HISTORY:-THE ENGLISH REVOLUTION.

1. England during the period of the Thirty Years' War. UNION OF ENGLAND AND Scotland, 1603.-2. The character of JAMES I., and the character of his reign.-3. His successor CHARLES 1. His misfortunes.-4. Difficulties that immediately followed his accession. The second and third parliament. Dissolution of the latter.-5. The interval until the assembling of another Darliament. Conduct of the English clergy, and persecution of the puritans. SCOTCH REBEL LION. March of the Covenanters into England. Fourth and fifth parliament.-6. Opening acts of THE LONG PARLIAMENT. Impeachment of Strafford and Laud. Remarks.-7. Continued encroachments of Parliament. Irish rebellion. Impeachment of five members of the Commons.-8. The king erects his standard at Nottingham, and opens the CIVIL WAR-1642. [Not tingham.] Strength of the opposing parties.-9. The battles of Edghill and Newbery. [Edg hill. Newbery.]-10. THE SCOTCH LEAGUE.-11. Campaigns of 1644 and 1645. [Marston Moor. Naseby.] The king a prisoner.-12. Civil and religious dissensions. OLIVER CROMWELL.-13. The reaction in favor of the king arrested by Cromwell. TRIAL AND EXECUTION OF CHARLES I. 1649.-14. Remarks upon this measure. Character of Charles.-15. ABOLITION OF MONARCHY. Cromwell's military successes. [Worcester.]-16. WAR WITH HOLLAND Navigation act. Naval battle.-17. Continuance of the war, and defeat of the British. [Good win Sands.] Bravado of Tromp.-18. Defeat of the Dutch in the English Channel. The final conflict, and death of Tromp. Peace with Holland.-19. Controversy between Cromwell and Parliament. THE PROTECTORATE.-20. Continued dissensions and parliamentary opposition to Cromwell. The army. War with Spain.-21. Character of Cromwell's administration. At tempt to invest him with the dignity of king.-22. Remainder of Cromwell's life. His death.23. Richard. His abdication. Anarchy. RESTORATION OF MONARCHY, 1660.-24. First im pression produced by Charles II. His character. The parliament of 1661.-25. Manners and

morals of the nation.-I. Increasing discontent. War with Holland. The capital threatened, [Dunkirk. Cha ham.]-27. The plague of 1665. The great fire of 1666.-28. Treaty of Breda. [Breda. New Netherlands. Acadia and Nova Scotia.] Another war with Holland. Treaty of Nimeguen. [Orange. Nimeguen.]-29. The professions and the secret designs of Charles His intrigues with the French monarch. His growing unpopularity. Popish plot. Russell and Sidney. Absolute power of the king. His death.-30. JAMES II. His general policy. The approaching crisis.-31. Arbitrary and unpopular measures of the king. [Windsor.]—32 Monmouth's rebellion. The inhuman Jeffries.-33. Events of the REVOLUTION OF 1688.-34. Bettlement of the crown on William and Mary. Declaration of rights.—35. Scotch and Irish .ebellion. [Killiecrankie.] Events that led to a general European war. French history towards The close of the century. Death of William, 1702.

III. FRENCH HISTORY:-WARS OF LOUIS XIV.

1. The ADMINISTRATION OF CARDINAL RICHELIEU, 1624-42.-2. MAZARIN'S ADMINIST KA TON, 1642-61. Treaty of Westphalia, and war of the Fronde.-3. Continuance of the war bo tween France and Spain. Condé and Turenne. England joins France in the war. [Arras, Valenciennes. Flanders.]-4. Both France and Spain desirous of peace. Treaty of the Pyrenees, 1659. [Bidassoa. Gravelines. Roussillon. Franche-Comté.]-5. Louis assumes the administration of government. [Louvre. Invalides. Versailles. Languedoc.]—6. Ambitious projects of Louis. His invasion of the Spanish Netherlands. [Brabant.]-7. Capture of Franche-Comte. Triple alliance against Louis. Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. [Aix-la-Chapelle.] -8. Designs of Louis against Holland.-9. The bayonet. Comparative strength of the French and Dutch forces.-10. Invasion of Holland. [Amsterdam.] The inhabitants think of abandoning their country. Prince William of Orange effects a general league against the French monarch. (1674.)-11. The war in the Spanish Netherlands. Turenne and Condé. Duquesne. -12. Peace of Nimeguen, 1678. Remarks of Voltaire.-13. Great prosperity and increasing ascendancy of France. The greatest glories of the reign of Louis.-14. Madame de Maintenon. Revocation of the Edict of Nates.-15. General league, and war, against Louis, 1686-8. His activity in meeting his enemies.-16. Successes of the French commanders. Battle of La Hogue. [Beachy Head. Namur. La Hogue.]—17. Campaign of 1693. Peace of Ryswick, 1697. State of France at the close of the seventeenth century. [Nerwinden. Ryswick. Strasburg.]

IV. COTEMPORARY HISTORY.

1. Increasing extent of the field of history.-2. DENMARK, SWEDEN, AND NOKWAY. Gustavus Adolphus, and his successors.-3. POLAND, during the seventeenth century. The reign of John Sobieski, 1674-97. His victories over the Turks. [Kotzim].-4. Siege of Vienna by the Turks and Hungarians. [Vienna.]-5. Its deliverance by Sobieski, 1683.-6. Complete dis comfiture of the Turks. Ingratitude of Austria, and decline of Poland.-7. RUSSIA, at the commencement of the seventeenth century. Peter the Great. His efforts for improving the condition of his people and country. [Azof. Dwina. Volga. St. Petersburg ]-8. His travels, &c. Political acts of his reign.-9. TURKEY from the early part of the sixteenth to the latter part of the seventeenth century. Decline of her power at the close of the century. [Zenta Carlowitz, Transylvania. Sclavonia. Podolia. Ukraine.]-10. ITALY during the seventeenth sentury. Effects of the Reformation. Of the Spanish rule in Italy.-11. The low state c. morals. General suffering and degradation.-12. The SPANISH PENINSULA during the seven teenth century Expulsion of the Moors, 1610.-13. Revolt of Portugal, 1640. Independence of Holland, 1648. Treaty of Westphalia, 1648.-14. THE ASIATIC NATIONS during the seventeenth century. Persia. China.-15. The great Mogul empire of Asia. Aurungzebe.-16. Co LONIAL ESTABLISHMENTS. Dutch colonies. [Surinam. Moluccas. Ceylon.] Colonial policy of the Dutch.-17. Spanish colonial empire.-18. Materials and character of Spanish colonia history.--19. French colonization in the New World. In the Old. [Madagascar. Pondicherry.] -20. English colonial possessions. The London East India Company. Java. Madras. Bom bay. Calcut a.]-21. English colonization in America. History of the British American colo. aies during he seventeenth century. The early colonists of New England.--22. Instructive and interesting character of early American history. Omission of a separate compen of American histo in this work

I. THE THIRTY 'ARS' WAR.-1. From the death of Charles V. in the year 1558, to the year 1618, there were no events in German history that exercised any important influence on the politics of Europe. At the latter period, however, the German emperor, Matthias, succeeded in procuring the subordinate crown of Bohemia for his cousin Ferdinand, a bigoted Catholic; a circumstance which increased the hostile feelings that had long existed between the Ro man Catholic and Protestant parties in Bohemia; but when Ferdi nand banished the new faith from his dominion, and destroyed the Protestant churches, his impolitie conduct led to an open revolt of his Protestant subjects. (1618.) This was the commencement of a thirty years' war-the last conflict sustained by the Reformation-a war indeterminate in its objects, but one which, before its close, involved, in its complicated relations, nearly all the states of continental Europe.

I. PALATINE

THE WAR.

2. While this petty war was raging on the narrow theatre of the Bohemian territory, Matthias died; and Ferdinand, to the great alarm of the Protestant party throughout Germany, was elected emperor of all the German States, under the title of Ferdinand II. (1619); but at the very moment of his election he received the intelligence of his deposition in Bohemia, which had just been made public among the people. The Bohemians now chose Frederic, the elector-palatine, son-in-law of the British monarch James I., for their sovereign; but Frederic was unequal to the crisis, and being besieged in his own capital, he lost the battle of PERIOD OF Prague' by his negligence or cowardice. Ferdinand, assisted by a Spanish force under Spinola, and by the Catholic league of Germany, now overran Bohemia, and compelled Frederic to seek refuge in Holland, where he dwelt without a kingdom, and without courage to reconquer it,-maintained at the expense of his fathern-law, the king of England. The punishment inflicted upom Boho mia was severe in the extreme: twenty-seven of the Protestant lead ers were condemned to death;-by degrees all Protestant clergyman were banished from the country;—and, finally, it was declared that no subject who did not adhere to the Roman Catholic church would be tolerated. Thirty thousand families, driven away by this cruel

1. Prague, the capital city of Bohemia, is situated on both sides of the Moldau, a branch of the Eibe. one hundred and fifty-two miles north-west of Vienna, and seventy-two miles south cast from Dresden. Jerome, the friend of the great Bohemian reformer John Huss, was a native of this city, and was thence surnamed, "of Prague." (Map No. XVII.)

edict, took refuge in the Protestant States of Saxony and Brandenburg. Thus closed the Palatine period of the thirty years war.

П. DANISH

3. After the flight of Frederic, his general Mansfeldt still deter mined to maintain the Protestant cause against the emperor Ferdi nand; but he found himself unable to cope with the imperial gen erals, Tilly and Wallenstein. The Protestant towns of Lower Saxony, foreseeing the fate to which they might be subjected, next took up arms, and having entered into an alliance with Christian IV. of Den mark, made him captain general of the confederated PERIOD OF army. (1625.) Thus opened the Danish period of the war. With a body of twenty-five thousand men, consisting of Danes, Germans, Scotch, and English, the Danish king crossed the Elbe, where he was joined by seven thousand Saxons; but, after some successes, he was defeated by Tilly near the castle of Lutter,' on the road from Göttingen to Brunswick, with the loss of four thousand men, besides a vast number of prisoners. (Aug. 26th, 1626.)

THE WAR.

4. In the following year, 1627, the Danes were driven from Germany by Wallenstein, the imperial commander, who had now in creased his forces to one hundred thousand men. Not content with driving Christian from Germany, Wallenstein pursued him into Denmark; and soon the whole of the peninsula, with the exception of one fortress, was conquered, and the king was obliged to take refuge in his islands. The ambitious views of Ferdinand now aimed at the extirpation of the Lutheran heresy throughout his own empire, and the reëstablishment of the Catholic faith throughout the entire north, by the subjugation of Norway and Sweden, in addition to Denmark. As a preliminary step towards the accomplishment of this gigantic undertaking, Wallenstein was first to secure the dominion of the Baltic and the North Sea. Assisted by a Spanish fleet, he took possession of several ports on the Baltic; but the citi zens of Stralsund,' aided by five thousand Swedish and Scottish troops, defended their walls with such determined courage and per. gerrance, that Wallenstein was forced to abandon the siege, after a 1. Lutter, "near Barenberg, in Hanover," south-west from Brunswick. This battle was fought Aug. 26th, 16:26.

2. Göttingen, in the kingdom of Hanover, is fifty-six miles south-west from Brunswick. It is especially noted for its university, which, down to 1831, was fully entitled to its appellation the queen of German universities." (Map No. XVII.)

3. Brunswick, the early seat of the dukes of that name, is a city of Germany, stuated on the Ocker, a branch of the Weser, thirty-seven miles a little south of east from Hanover. (Map No. XVII.)

4. Stralsund is a strongly-fortified Prussian town, on the narrow strait of the Baltic which separates the island of Rugen from the continent. (Map No. XVII.)

ioss of twelve thousand men. This signal discomfiture induced the emperor to consent to treat for peace with Denmark; and by the treaty of Lubec,' Christian was restored to his dominions, on the condition of abandoning his German allies. (May, 1629.) Thus terminated the Danish period of the thirty years' war.

5. It had been hoped that the treaty of Lubec would prove the forerunner of a general pacification; and the subjects, the allies, and the enemies of Ferdinand, now united in imploring him to put an end to a civil war which had been waged with a ferocity hitherto unknown since the ages of Gothic barbarism. But, the Protestants being subdued, and no enemy left to oppose the emperor, the Roman Catholics thought the moment too favorable to be neglected, and Ferdinand was urged on by them to exercise the most intolerable tyranny over his Protestant subjects. The last beam of hope from the emperor's clemency was extinguished, and the Protestants only awaited the arrival of a leader to throw off a yoke which had become insupportable. A deliverer was found in Gustavus Adolphus, the Protestant king of Sweden. The circumstances that led to his interposition, the opening of the Swedish period of the war-show how tangled has often been the web of European politics.

III. SWEDISH
PERIOD OF

THE WAR.

6. Cardinal Richelieu, the able minister of Louis XIII. of France, after having humbled the Huguenots by the capture of Ro chelle,' their last stronghold, directed his great powers to the abasement of the house of Austria. With this view he was instrumental in depriving Ferdinand of his abiest general, Wallenstein, whose dismissal from power was successfully urged by an assembly of the German States in the summer of 1630. Richelieu had previously

1. Lubec, the capital of the "Hanseatic towns," is situated on the river Trave, about twelve miles from ts entrance into the Baltic, and thirty-six miles north-east from Hamburg. The surrounding territory subject to Lubec consists of a district of about eighty square miles. Map No. XVII.)

2. Rochelle is a town and seaport of France on the Atlantic coast, in the former prov nce f Saintonge, seventy-six miles south-east from Nantes. During the religious wars, and especially after the massacre of St. Bartholomew, Rochelle was a stronghold of the Protestants. Invested by the Catholic forces in 1572, it withstood a long siege, terminated by a treaty. The numerous infractions of that treaty, in the reign of Louis XIII.,, and under the ministry of Richelieu, led to a second siege, which commenced in August, 1627, and was as violent as the former, and longer and more decisive. After six months of heroic resistance, the famous engineer, Mete zeau, was directed to bar the entrance to the harbor by an immense dyke, extending nearly five thousand feet into the sea, the remains of which are still visible at low water. The result was soon fatally apparent. Famine quickly decimated the ranks of the besieged; and after a resistance of fourteen months and eighteen days, Rochelle was compelled to capitulate. Riche lieu made a triumphant entry into the city; the fortifications were demolished, and ti e Pro testants were deprived of their last place of refuge. Map No. XIII.)