and 1 feet deep. Upon digging a trench across the centre of this one, some pieces of charcoal were turned up on the ground surface, but no urn was found, nor any distinct evidence of its having been used as a place of sepulture. It was then decided to dig down two or three feet below the ground level, but this experiment proved unproductive. The whole of the northern half of the mound was subsequently turned over, with the result that several small flint scrapers and flint chippings, with bits of charcoal, were found scattered about the soil. It looked, from the general dispersion of these fragments, as if the spot had been ransacked before. There were no large stones or anything else specially noteworthy found in or upon it.

Later, the largest, or square mound (B) was examined. Commencing operations in the centre, and digging down a depth of 10 inches, a considerable quantity of charcoal, together with burnt earth and stones (red and brown), was disclosed. They lay within a radius of 3 feet, formed by a rough, circular outline of stones. The stones and earth appeared to have been subjected to intense heat, the hard surface of the ground being full of cracks, into which bits of charcoal had fallen down. 10 or 12 inches. Near the outer edge of this hearth (H) some fragments of an urn were unearthed, besides various flints of the black, white, and grey kinds. The urn had already been smashed, and was in fragments, —in all, thirteen-and consisted of coarse, unglazed pottery, ornamented with straight lines, and burnt and black inside as if once filled with charcoal. It would appear as if the funeral pyre had been kindled in the centre of the space where the burnt earth and stones were found, and the urn broken and destroyed by some previous explorers, who have partially restored the mound, after their search, doubtless for treasure. The other mounds, as stated, have not been examined.

Rathmell has always been an appurtenance of the ancient parish of Giggleswick, but in 1842 it was made a separate chapelry, and a neat church was erected. The building, dedicated to the Holy Trinity, contains some choice memorial glass to the Brown and Geldard families, also a neat oak screen in memory of Elizabeth Male, and a font, presented by the Rev. R. Ingram, which bears a rather singular inscription. The view from the churchyard is very beautiful, and taking Penyghent as the centre of vision, is a perfect picture. There is also a

neat Wesleyan Chapel here, built in 1846.

The manor of Rathmell in 1471-2 was held by John Catterall, attinctus, and by fine passed 14th Henry VII. (1498), we find Alan Catterall, Esq., plaintiff, and Thurston Hall, Esq., and Elizabeth, his wife, deforciants, regarding the manor of Rathmell, and five marks rent there. A century later, 40-41st Elizabeth, Francis Palmes, Esq., and *See Yorkshire Record Series, Vol. ii., p. 12.

Arthur Lynley, gent., are plaintiffs, and John Catterall, Esq., deforciant, respecting the manor of Rathmell, and 20 messuages, 10 cottages, and a watermill, with lands, and free fishing in the Ribble, in Rathmell, Giggleswick, and Halton.* The Catteralls were a younger branch of the Catteralls of Garstang, and resided at Hollin Hall and New Hall, the former half-a-mile, and the latter one mile north of Rathmell. These are now farm-houses. All the Rathmell farmers, it may be observed, have unstinted rights of peat and cattle-gaits on Rathmell Moor.

The ancient water corn-mill, above mentioned, is supposed to have been on the site of the present saw-mill. There used to be an old flourmill here, and a cotton-mill stood just below it, on the ground now occupied by the house of Mr. Mansergh. There was also another cottonmill just above Lumb Brig, Capelside, which was a large, three-storey building, worked by a man called Armistead. But all three buildings, says Mr. Sykes, were washed away by a tremendous flood one April fairday, now about 70 years ago. Mr. Sykes also tells me that at the beginning of the present century there were two tithe barns in Rathmell. One is now built into the present Wesleyan Chapel, but the other is still used as a barn and stands on the left side of the Wigglesworth road, about a quarter-mile from the village. The tithes were collected by the holders of three farms, viz., Capelside, the Cross Keys inn, and the Green, or Huggon House (my informant is not quite certain which.) When the sheaves had been gathered into hattocks, ten sheaves forming a hattock,-the tithe was drawn out of every tenth hattock, and then taken to the barn to be thrashed, after which an equal division took place by the three claimants. Harvest labourers at that time earned 2d. a hattock.

Rathmell has the reputation of being the scene of the first Nonconformist College established in England. It was founded about A.D. 1670, by the Rev. Richard Frankland, who was born here in 1630, where his family owned a small estate. Mr. Frankland suffered severely during the bitter persecution of dissenters in the 17th century. He was educated at Giggleswick and Cambridge, and was afterwards chosen as one of the professors in the University which Cromwell founded at Durham, which vocation he lost on the accession of Charles II. He also held the living of Bishop Auckland, a dignity of which he was similarly deprived on the passing of the Uniformity Act. The academy

See Yorkshire Record Series, vol. viii., p. 106; also pp. 95, 114.

† A Pedigree of the Catteralls is furnished in Whitaker's Craven, 3rd ed., p. 63. Biographical notices of Mr. Frankland will be found in various Histories of Protestant Dissenters; Hunter's Heywood, pp. 242, 311, 322, &c.; Halley's Lancashire Nonconformity, pp. 418, 419; Miall's Congregational Yorkshire, pp. 87, 120, 121; and a list of his pupils, with biographical notes, in Vols. ii. and iv. of Heywood's Diaries.

at Rathmell was a flourishing institution, as long as Mr. Frankland continued its chief. During his lifetime he educated and trained no fewer than 304 students for the dissenting ministry; but the violent persecutions of the period obliged him frequently to change his residence. For a time the school was conducted at Calton Hall (the seat of the Republican Lamberts) and afterwards at Natland, near Kendal. In 1689 he returned to Rathmell, where he died Oct. 1st, 1698, and was buried at Giggleswick, where a tablet, in Latin, recording his great virtues and learning, is to be seen in the church. After Mr. Frankland's death his academy was continued by Mr. Chorlton, at Manchester, assisted by Mr. Cunningham, who became his successor, but "incompetent to sustain its reputation, he brought the Academy to an untimely and not very honourable end." Mr. Chorlton died in May, 1705.*

The old college-building at Rathmell has been turned into four cottages, which occupy an enclosure still known as College Fold. At the back of the building there is an inscribed stone, F.R.E., 1686.

From Rathmell to Giggleswick station it is 2 miles, by a pleasant walk above the banks of the Thames, a meandering stream so called, like its majestic namesake in the south, from (Celtic, tamh, A.S. tame) its quiet, gliding, and perhaps, serpentining character. About midway, at a point of the Ribble called Long Streams, there is an old ford, which is supposed to be coeval and continuous with an old British road that runs north of Hollin Hall, and by Scoutber End westwards across the moors. Formerly this part of the valley was much subject to floods, and the overflowing waters have been known to make a lake nearly 3 miles long and 1 mile wide, and in places from 6 to 10 feet deep. It is, in fact, only about 20 years ago that some members of the Preston family, of Merebeck, rowed across the valley in order to attend service at Rathmell church. A little above Cleatop Farm, on the opposite side of the valley, is Cleatop Wood. Cleatop derives its name from the A.S. cleof, a rocky acclivity; Latin clivus, a bank or slope. Near the north-east side of the wood there was once a very noticeable Druids' Circle, about 60 feet in diameter; indeed, Mr. Thomas Brayshaw, of Settle, informs me that within the memory of persons still living, it was so regular and well-defined that one or two gaps caused by the removal of stones could be easily distinguished. The eminence at the rear of the site has, from time immemorial, been known as Druids' Hill. The ground round about is rocky and strewn with many travelled boulders of Silurian grit.

A short distance to the north-west is the house at Anley, for some years the residence of the late Mr. John Birkbeck, J.P., chairman of the Board of Directors of the Craven Bank. Many years ago, on the site of this house, two cinerary urns were discovered.

CHAPTER XXXIX.

HORTON-IN-RIBBLESDALE.

Extent and situation of Horton parish-Meaning of Horton-Domesday noticeGrants of lands to the monasteries-Dispute in 1224 between the Abbot of Fountains and Jervaux-History of the manor-The church-Bone-houseCurious discovery-Interior of church-Ancient glass-Supposed dedication of church to Thomas à Beckett-Another version--Kent families manor-lords of Horton-Dr. Holden - Ancient bells-Plague at Horton-The parish registers-Interesting Terrier-Old Free School-Football Field.

UR circumambulations have brought us back once more to Settle, whence our survey began. We shall now, therefore, move northward by highway and byway, by moor and fell, over the concluding portion of the comprised territory, commencing with the parish of Horton, which no writer since Whitaker's time seems to have taken up.

This parish includes some of the wildest and most interesting scenery in Yorkshire, and extends from Helwith Bridge on the south, to the source of the Ribble northwards; on the west it is bounded by the superb range of Moughton, and on the east by the towering flanks of storm-tried Penyghent. The area is about 27 square miles, or 17,260 acres, and comprises the scattered hamlets of Horton, Studfold, New Houses, Birkwith, Selside, and Thornes. The whole parish has a mean elevation of 1200 to 1300 feet, and is, perhaps, the most elevated parish of its extent in Yorkshire. It is largely mountain and moor-land, with but scant remains of ancient wood.

The name of Horton means the town of the hill or mountain, in allusion to its proximity to Penyghent. All the Hortons I know, from Kent to Northumberland, stand beside some conspicuous hill or beacon. Whitaker supposes, from a resemblance of the first syllable to the word hoar, that it is so-called from the higher parts being often grey with sleet when the lower grounds are unsprinkled. But the primitive christeners of these places made no such seasonable distinctions. From Saxon times there has been a considerable and increasing area under cultivation, and in pre-Reformation days probably the entire parish was monastic property. In 1813 an Act for the further inclosure of waste lands was obtained.

The parish appears never to have been connected with the wapentake of Staincliffe, although it has always been comprehended within the old Deanery of Craven.* The contiguous parish of Aysgarth was long the property of the monks of Jorevall or Jervaux Abbey, who were also the principal landowners in Horton parish. The latter is thus noticed in Domesday :

II MANORS. In Napars (Nappay) two carucates to be taxed. In Hortan (Horton in Ribblesdale) four carucates and a half to be taxed.

The learned Burton, with admirable brevity and precision, recites the various donations and confirmations of lands in this parish to the great religious houses. Among the local possessions of the Abbey of Fors (afterwards Jorevall or Jervaux) in the Deanery of Catterick, it is stated that King Henry III. confirmed the gift of six oxgangs of land in this territory, with the service and homage of Richard, the Clerk, and of his heirs, out of lands in Falberg. Also that King Edward I. granted these monks (Jervaux) free warren in this place. Again, in A.D. 1220, William de Mowbray confirmed to Fountains Abbey all lands, rents, &c., held of his Fee in Wynkesley, Swetton, Karlesmore, Kirkby-Malesart, and Horton-in-Ribblesdale. Four years later (in A.D. 1224) a dispute betwixt the Abbot and Convent of Fountains, and the Abbot and Convent of Jorevall was ended; when it was agreed that the last should grant to the other fourteen oxgangs of land, which William Aleman gave to them in Horton; they likewise granted that the Abbot and Convent of Fountains should have the lodge called Birkwid, which formerly had belonged to Beatrix de Calton, with the inclosed meadow about the lodge.

They had likewise in the pastures here, eight-score sheep, besides one hundred other cattle; but the Abbot and Convent of Fountains were to have no monk residing in this territory, nor were ever to acquire any other land, or possession in this place, without the licence and consent of the Abbot and Convent of Jorevall; and for this agreement, the Abbot and Convent of Fountains demised the six oxgangs of land here, which Beatrix de Calton gave to them, with tofts, crofts, men, &c., and also with the homage and service of Richard, the Clerk, and his heirs, for land in Falberg; for the rent of twenty shillings per annum, to be paid to the Abbey of Fountains, and doing foreign service.‡

In the 9th of Edward II. (A.D. 1315) the Abbot of Jorevall is returned as lord of the manor of Horton.

The estates here, belonging to this Abbey, were returned at the Dissolution as of the annual value of £32 5s. The manor was afterwards *See Whitaker's Richmondshire, Vol, i., p. 479.

† Mon. Ebor., 369. ‡ Ibid., p. 172.