as far as ten pounds, without appeal. The English laws were established in the town, and among the inhabitants, on both sides of Delaware. The office of Schout was converted into that of Sheriff, for the Corporation and river, annually chosen. And they were to have free trade, without being obliged to make entry at New York, as before."

"The fears of the Government of Maryland, lest the title of Lord Baltimore to the country on Delaware Bay should be weakened by nonclaim, produced occasional irruptions of a very hostile character." An act of violence was committed at Hoarkill3 [1672] by a party of Marylanders led by one Jones, who seized the magistrates and other inhabitants, plundered them and carried off the booty. They were joined by one Daniel Brown, a planter of Hoarkill. Brown was soon taken, sent to New York, and there tried and convicted; but on promise of amendment and security given for his good behavior in future, was dismissed. Governor Lovelace wrote a letter to Governor Calvert of Maryland, on this aggression, and instructed Captain Carr, his deputy at Delaware, to resist future aggressions.

Charles II having declared war against the States General of Holland, Dutch privateers soon infested the American coasts, and plundered the inhabitants of New Castle and Hoarkill. With a view to repairing their losses, permission was granted to them by the government to impose, for one year, a duty of four guilders, payable in wampum, on each anker of strong rum imported or sold there. Wampum being the chief currency of the country and scarce, the Governor and council of New York issued a proclamation increasing its value, whereby "instead of eight white and four black, six white and three black should pass for a stiver: and three times so much the value in silver. This is the Indian money, by them called Wampum; by the Dutch, Sewant. It is worked out of shells, into the form of beads, and perforated to string on leather. Six beads were formerly valued at a Stiver; twenty Stivers made what they

3 Hoarkill, the settlement so called, from a small river, or creek, near Cape-Inlopen, or Henlopen, at the mouth of Delaware bay, was a place of considerable importance to the Swedes about that time, though since chiefly become a residence for pilots only, and called Lewis-town; before which, at the entrance of the bay, is the road for ships. This place (from an old MS.) is said to have been named Hoarkill by the Dutch, from the Indians prostituting their young women to the Netherlanders: otherwise it is by David Piertersz de Uries, who, about the year 1630, first endeavoured to settle there, called Swanendale.

Other accounts affirm that the original of the name arose from the winding and turning of the creek, much in the shape of a horn, whence the Dutch word, Hoernkill: this is the tradition of the inhabitants there, &c. But soon after it came into the hands of the English, it took the above name of Lewis-town, and the creek appears to be much diminished, &c.-Proud.

called a Guilder, which was about sixpence currency, or fourpence sterling. The white Wampum was worked out of the inside of the great Conques. The black, or purple, was formed out of the inside of the Mussle, or Clam-shell. These, being strung on leather, are sometimes formed into belts, about four inches broad, and thirty in length; which are commonly given and received at treaties, as seals of friendship. Wampum has been long made by certain poor Indian families at Albany, who support themselves by coining this cash for the traders."

A squadron of Dutch ships under command of Evertse and Benke arrived on July 30, [1673] and recaptured New York without opposition. The commander of the fort at the Narrows, John Manning, treacherously made peace with the enemy and delivered up the fort without giving or receiving a shot, and the major part of the magistrates and constables. swore allegiance to the States General and the Prince of Orange. Thus New York and New Jersey came again under Dutch rule. Deputies were also sent by the people inhabiting the country as far west as Delaware who, in the name of their principals, made a declaration of their submission, and Delaware again reverted to the Dutch [1673.] Anthony Colve was appointed governor, and held that office until the country was restored to England by the treaty of Westminister, concluded Feb. 19, 1674.1

The duke of York on June 29, 1674, obtained a new royal patent confirming the land granted him in 1664 and two days after appointed Major, afterwards sir Edmund Andross, governor of his territories in America, which were surrendered to him by the Dutch on October 31, following. Andross authorized Captain Edmund Cantwell and William Tomm to take possession of the forts and stores at Newcastle for the king's use, and directed them to take measures for the establishment of order and tranquility on the Delaware.

3

"On June 24, 1664, the Duke of York granted to John, lord Berkley, and Sir George Carteret the province of New Jersey, bounded on the east by the Atlantic ocean, on the west by Delaware bay and river, on the north by a line drawn from the Delaware river at forty one degrees forty minutes, to the Hudson river in forty-one degrees northern latitude." "Lord Berkley, in 1675, sold his half of the Province of New Jersey to a person named John Fenwicke, in trust for Edward Byllinge, and his assigns, in consequence of which the former, this year, arrived with a number of passengers, in a ship, called the Griffith from London, on a visit to his new purchase. He landed at a place, in West Jersey, situated upon a creek, or small river, which runs into the river Delaware; to which place he gave the name of Salem; a name which both the place and creek still retain."2

1 Gordon. Hazard.

2 Proud.

3 Gordon.

Byllinge being pecuniarily involved, conveyed his interest in the province to William Penn, Gawen Lawrie and Nicholas Lucas, in trust, for his creditors. The trustees sold proprietary rights to several other persons and having made with sir George Carteret, a division of the province, proceeded to frame a constitution for their moiety under the title "concessions and agreements of the proprietors and free-holders of West Jersey, in America."1

"In June, 1677, Thomas Olive, Daniel Wills, John Kinsey, John Penford, Joseph Helmsley, Robert Stacey, Benjamin Scott, Thomas Foulke, and Richard Guy, commissioners, appointed by the proprietaries to superintend their interests in the province, arrived at New Castle, with two hundred and thirty settlers, principally Quakers. Having explored the country for many miles along the shores of the Delaware, they made allotments of land among the adventurers at several miles distance from each other. But fear of the natives finally induced the emigrants to settle together, in and about a town plot, laid out by the commissioners, first called Beverly, then Budlington, and afterwards Burlington. 2 In the same year two ships arrived, bearing many families of great respectability. The quiet of the colonists was undisturbed, except by the duty again levied upon their commerce at the Hoarkills, by the New York government. This was vexatious as a tax, and insulting to the sovereignty of the proprietaries, who remonstrated for some time in vain with the agents of the Duke of York; but finally, after an investigation, by commissioners appointed for the purpose, the duty was repealed.

"Dispensing with their executive of commissioners, the proprietaries appointed Edward Byllinge governor, who, soon after his arrival in the province, commissioned Samuel Jennings as his deputy. In November, 1681, Jennings called the first assembly, and, in conjunction with them, adopted certain articles, defining and circumscribing the power of the governor, and enacted such laws as the wants of the colony required."

Sir George Carteret, the proprietor of East Jersey, died in 1679, having in his last will ordered the sale of that country to pay his debts. His heirs sold it, by indenture of lease and release, bearing date February 1 and 2, 1681-82, to William Penn and eleven other persons. These twelve proprietors added twelve more to their number, and to these the Duke of York made a fresh grant of East Jersey under date March 14, 1682. William Penn, as one of the trustees of Byllinge, became thus intimately connected with the colonization of West Jersey, and subsequently as a purchaser with that of East Jersey. Under these circumstances he became familiar with the affairs of the new world and conceived the design of founding a commonwealth on principles of perfect equality, and of universal toleration of religious faith on the west side of the Dela1 Gordon.

2 By the Indians, Chygoes island, from a chief who dwelt upon it.

3

ware.1 His father, Sir William Penn, renowned in English history by the conquest of Jamaica and by his conduct, discretion and courage in the signal battle against the Dutch in 1665, had left to him a claim against the government for sixteen thousand pounds, consisting to a great extent of money advanced by him in the sea service, and of arrearages in his pay. In 1680 William Penn petitioned Charles II. to grant him in lieu of said sum "letters-patent for a tract of land in America, lying north of Maryland, on the east bounded with Delaware River,2 on the west limited as Maryland, and northward to extend as far as plantable." This petition was referred to the "Committee of the Privy Council for the Affairs of Trade and Plantations," who ordered copies to be sent to Sir John Werden, the Duke of York's agent, and to the agents of Lord Baltimore, "to the end that they may report how far the pretensions of Mr. Penn may consist with the boundaries of Maryland, or the Duke's propriety of New York, and his possessions in those parts." The duke of York desired to retain the three lower counties, that is the State of Delaware, as an appendage to New York, but his objection was finally withdrawn, being the result of an interview between him and Mr. Penn. Lord Baltimore's agent wanted the grant, if made to Penn, to be expressed as "land that shall be north of Susquehanna Fort, also north of all lands in a direct line westward from said fort, for said fort is the boundary of Maryland northward." After sundry conferences and discussions concerning the boundary lines and other matters of minor importance, the Committee finally sent in a favorable report and presented the draft of a charter constituting William Penn, Esq. absolute proprietary of a tract of land in America therein mentioned to the King for his approbation and leaving to him also the naming of the province. The king affixed his signature on March 4, 1681, naming the province Pennsylvania for reasons explained in the subjoined extract from a letter of William Penn to his friend Robert Turner, dated 5th of 1st mo. 1681: "This day my country was confirmed to me under the great seal of England, with large powers and privileges, by the name of Pennsylvania; a name the king would give it in honor of my father. I chose New Wales, being, as this, a pretty hilly country, but Penn being Welsh for a head, as Penmaumoire in Wales, and Penrith in Cumberland, and Penn in Buckinghamshire, the highest land in England, called this Pennsylvania, which is, the high or head woodlands, for I proposed, when the Secretary, a Welshman, refused to have it called New Wales, Sylvania, and they added Penn to it, and though I much opposed it, and went to the king to have it struck out and altered, he said it was past, and would take it upon him; nor could twenty guineas move the under Secretary to vary the name, for I fear lest it should be looked on as vanity in me, and not

as a respect in the king, as it truly was, to my father, whom he often mentions with praise."1

The Charter, under date March 4, 1681, exists in the office of the Secretary of the Commonwealth, and "is written on strong parchments, in the old English handwriting, with each line underscored with lines of red ink, that give it a curious appearance. The borders are gorgeously furbelowed with heraldic devices, and the top of the first page exhibits a finely executed likeness of his majesty, in good preservation." It is now hung up in a frame. As this document is of permanent interest to every Pennsylvanian, the reader will find it reproduced in full in Division X, No. 1.

Nearly a month after the signing of the Charter, the King on the second day of April, issued a declaration informing the inhabitants and planters of the province that William Penn, their absolute proprietary, was clothed with all the powers and preeminences necessary for the government. A few days later, on April 8, the proprietary addressed the following proclamation to the inhabitants of Pennsylvania: "MY FRIENDS: I wish you all happiness here and hereafter. These are to let you know that it hath pleased God, in his providence, to cast you within my lot and care. It is a business that, though I never undertook before, yet God hath given me an understanding of my duty, and an honest mind to do it uprightly. I hope you will not be troubled at your change, and the king's choice, for you are now fixed, at the mercy of no governor that comes to make his fortune great. You shall be governed by laws of your own making, and live a free, and, if you will, a sober and industrious people. I shall not usurp the right of any, or oppress his

person. God has furnished me with a better resolution, and has given me his grace to keep it. In short, whatever sober and free men can reasonably desire for the security aud improvement of their happiness, I shall heartily comply with, and in five months' resolve, if it please God, to see you. In the meantime, pray submit to the commands of my deputy, so far as they are consistent with the law, and pay him those dues that formerly you paid to the order of the Governor of New York, for my use and benefit; and so I beseech God to direct you in the way of righteousness, and therein prosper you and your children after you. I am your true friend,

LONDON, 8th of the month called April, 1681.

WILLIAM PENN.

Captain William Markham, a cousin of William Penn, was the deputy referred to in the preceding proclamation, whose commission, bearing date April 10, 1681, contained the following directions:

1. To call a council, consisting of nine, he to preside.

1 Reg. Penns.-I. 297.

1 Dunlap in Mem. of Penn. Hist. Soc. I. 164.