279. Ib. p. 474.

280. Norris is probably the man subsequently called Richardson by Laing and Allen.

281. Pounde's great friend, Father Thomas Stevens, who is probably intended here, was in India at the time. He was sent to Goa in 1579. More, Hist. ii. 15.

282. Lansdowne Mss. 982,

283. Ib. f. 19 verso.

f. 14.

284. Harleian Mss. 6265, f. 292.

285. See below, p. 385, note 347.

286. Indeed some of the councillors themselves were kept in the dark about the fraud; and Lord Huntingdon, the president of the north, wrote to Burghley, Aug. 18 (Lansdowne Mss., 33, no. 8): "What I may be able to perform touching those things that Campion hath confessed, your lordship shall have so soon as may be. I dare assure you that some things which I see he hath confessed be true; and if my hap had been good, I had taken him here in this country; but it may be I shall meet with his fellow Parsons." Then he suggests another place where Campion may have been. "I would be glad to understand whether he were at Sir W. Colthorpe's house whilst he lived, or since his death. Of the conditions of that man your lordship is not ignorant, and I think the place is not mended since his death."

287. Council-book, Aug. 1581, p. 488.

288. Harleian Mss. 859.

289. Challoner, who follows the authority named in Appendix iv. no. 7.

290. See note 280.

291. See Appendix iii. no. 1.

292. It was only after his death that his relentless enemy Charke ventured to call him "a glorious fool, who, partly to boast of his sufferings, partly to excuse his impatience and pusillanimity, which for fear rather than for feeling of the rack had discovered many of his friends and complices with his own handwriting, immediately after his racking, was not ashamed on the day of the first conference to complain of his grievous torments, until by testimony of Master Lieutenant of the Tower, and others that were present, his impudency was so restrained at the time, that he thought it best not to brag any more of his intolerable racking." Burghley, in his "Declaration of the favourable dealing" of the commissioners with the priests, says, "If he (a priest) said that his answer in delivering truth would hurt a Catholic, and so be an offence against charity, which they said to be a sin, and yet the queen could not command them to sin, and therefore, howsoever the queen commanded, they would not tell the truth which they were known to know, they were then put to the torture, or else not."

293. Harleian Mss. 859.

294. S.P.O. Dom. undated, 1583; Lists of prisoners for religion. 295. Lansdowne Mss. 30, art. 78.

296. Selden Table-talk, art. "Trial."

297. Strype, Ann. iv. p. 147.

298. Hamlet, ii. 1, 63. Windlass, as a device for discovering men's secrets, is probably a metaphor borrowed from the rack. 299. Council-book, 1581, p. 494.

300. Ib. p. 499.

301. Ib. p. 501.

CHAPTER XIII. (pp. 357-379).

302. Lansdowne Mss. 33, art. 17, dated Fulham, July 25, 1581. 303. Staphilus, a scholar of Luther and Melancthon at Wittenberg, then Professor of Theology at Königsberg till 1553, when he became a Catholic and was made Councillor of the Empire and of the Duke of Bavaria, and Inspector of the University of Ingoldstadt, where he died 1564. The works to which Aylmer alludes are "Epitome Martini Lutheri Theologiæ trimembris" and "Defensio pro trimembri Mart. Lutheri Theologia contra ædificatores turris Babylonicæ, Phil. Melancthonem, And. Musculum, &c."

304. Lansdowne Mss. 33, art. 18, Fulham, July 25, 1581. 305. True Report, &c. sig. G. I verso.

306. Lansdowne Mss. 33, art. 19, July 27.

307. Ratio viii.

308. Lansdowne Mss. 33, art. 24.

309. S.P.O. Dom., Id. August. 1583.

310. Lawrence Humphrey, Jesuitismi pars prima, sub init. See Appendix II. no. 3.

311. Ib. p. 94.

312. From the "True Report." See Appendix, iv. 7. 313. De Oratore, ii. 14.

314. Quintil. i. 14. Reynolds' letter is printed by Keble, Works of R. Hooker, vol. i. p. 106.

315. (p. 257, line 23). Nowell and Day had previously written and circulated in Ms. a reply to Campion's Challenge. There is a copy in the Harleian Mss. no. 1732.

316. Decem Rationes, preface.

317. Hamilton, Discussions (first ed. 1852), p. 505.

318. Keble's Hooker, i. 82.

319. The Life and Death of the Earl of Arundel; edited by the Duke of Norfolk, 1857, p. 19.

320. Strype, Aylmer, p. 201.

321. Walton, apud Keble, Hooker, i. 37.

322. Fuller, Worthies, p. 264, and Church Hist. ix. p. 216. 323. True Report, preface to the reader.

324. Catholic report of second day's Conference, Harleian Mss. 422, folio 148.

325. True Report, sig. G. iiii. 4.

326. Harleian Mss. 422.

327. It was the policy of Gregory XIII. to withdraw the licenses to this effect that had been granted by his predecessors. See Theiner, Ann. iii. pp. 20, 136, 137, 319, 532.

328. Harleian Mss. 422, fol. 136.

329. Defence of the Censure, p. 5.

331. Parsons' statement is borne out by the report, Harleian Mss. 422.

332. Lansdowne Mss. 33, art. 24.

333. Ib. art. 61.

334. True Report, sig. o 1.

335. S.P.O. Dom, 1581, no. 220.

336. Strype, Aylmer, c. iii.

337. Lansdowne Mss. 33, art. 63, Dec. 28, 1581.

CHAPTER XIV. (pp. 380-392).

338. A Declaration of the Recantation of John Nichols, sig. K iiij. 339. Id. sig. M iiij.

340. S.P.O. Dom. July 14, 1581.

341. Ellis, Original Letters, fourth series, iii. 94.

342. Fuller, Church History, iv. 459.

343. S.P.O. France, August 9, 1851.

344. Camden, Ann. 1581. Regina, ut formidinem quæ multorum animos occuparat, religionem immutaturam iri et Pontificios tolerandos, importunis precibus evicta permisit ut Campianus, &c. 345. See above, p. 210.

346. Sidney to Burghley, Oct. 10, 1581, ap. Murdin. It was at this time that Sidney was engaged in his intrigue with Lady Rich. This by itself might have indisposed him to risk much for Campion. In March 1582 he did interpose in favour of Sir Thomas Kitson, a Suffolk Catholic. See Gage, History of Hengrave, Suffolk (1822), p. 182.

347. S.P.O. France, Aug. 11, 1581.

348. E.g. in Morgan's Phoenix Britannicus, 481; State Trials, i. 1074; Tierney's Dod, vol. iii. Appendix, no. iii.

349. Merchant of Venice, iii. 2.

350. Baldwin to Shrewsbury, Dec. 22, 1580; Lodge, Illustrat. of British History, p. 185.

351. Apologia Martyrum; Bridgewater, p. 223.

352. S.P.O. France, Aug. 20, 1581.

353. S.P.O. France, Sept. 19, 1581.

354. Egremond Ratclyffe, brother of the Earl of Sussex, one of the rebels of 1569, beheaded at Namur in 1579, on suspicion of having been bribed by Walsingham to assassinate Don John of Austria. He had previously, also on Walsingham's instignation, attempted to assassinate Dr. Allen. (Paquot, in Vita Card. Allen.)

355. Ellis, Original Letters, third series, iv. 36.

356. Council-book, October 29, 1581.

357. Rushton's diary.

358. Challoner, i. 68.

359. Jesuitismi, pars prima, preface to Earl of Leicester.
360. Hallam, Constitutional History, i. 150.

CHAPTER XV. (pp. 393-442).

361. Lansdowne Mss. 33, art. 64.

362. Ib. art. 65. That this is not a mere rough draft, but a copy kept as a record, is shown by the note to Collyton's name, "quited." This must have been added after the trial.

363. Markham (ob. 1479) was the judge who tried the London merchant accused of treason for saying that he would make his son heir to the crown-which was the sign on his shop. Edward IV. wanted the merchant's money, and the judge was superseded for directing an acquittal in 1469. His example was appealed to by Sir Nicholas Throgmorton on his trial in 1554364. Hallam's Const. Hist. i. 146.

365. Harleian Mss. no. 6998, p. 182. 366. Bridgewater, p. 232.

367. No counsel was permitted to the accused in cases of treason. 368. Bacon, iii. p. 4 (State of Europe in 1580), says, "None are now admitted to the seminaries but those who take the oath against her majesty." Probably the oath to serve upon the mission, thereby to withdraw subjects from obedience to the queen and her laws, was thus interpreted. See Flanagan, Hist. of the Church in England, ii. 336.

369. The Catholic accounts of the trial in Laing and Bridgewater say that Cradock deposed that while he was in prison in Rome he was visited by an Englishman, who told him he was lucky to be out of his own country, where shortly there would be great uproars, with much bloodshed and slaughter.

370. Rather from Sanders to Allen. See above, p. 143. 371. It was a tradition that in the disputation in the Tower Campion had forced his opponents to confess that they could not match him in logic. See Imago primi sæculi Soc. Jes., p. 341, where many other examples of the Protestant protest against the determination of religious questions by logic are given.

372. Allen, apud Bridgewater, p. 219.

373. Letter to Agazzari, Dec. 21, 1581; More, iii. 35. 374. S.P.O. Dom. Jan. 1580-81; Information of Robt. Barett. 375. S.P.O. Spain, January 22, 1582, Mendoza to Yaxley. 376. S.P.O. Italian States, March 23, 1582.

377. Harleian Mss. 6992 and 6993.

378. Hallam, Const. i. 456.

379. Topcliffe to Puckering, Sept. 20, 1592; Harleian Mss.

6998, p. 31; and PHS. to Walsingham, S.P.O. Dom. 1590, undated papers, 138A.

380. The best comment on this head of evidence is an admission of Camden's, ad ann. 1585. "Et certe ad explorandos animos subdolæ artes fuerunt adhibitæ. Literæ ementitæ sub profugorum nominibus submissæ, et in pontificiorum ædibus relicta," &c.

CHAPTER XVI. (pp. 443-460).

381. Bombinus, Ms. additions to p. 311. See Appendix, iv. no. 33.

382. Parsons, Defence of the Censure, p. 2.

383. S.P.O. Dom. May 1584. It was George Eliot, whose impulses towards repentance were always brief, and who sank to the trade of spy and informer, who raked up this story in 1584. 384. Bombinus, Ms. additions to p. 289. "Ex diversorum auct. sunt apud me."

385. Register of the Jesuit novitiate at Malines, p. 557. Ms. Bib. Burg. Brussels, no. 2167. The same story is referred to in other Mss. of the same collection, e.g., no. 3166, part ii. and no. 4554.

386. Parsons to Agazzari, Dec. 23, 1581.

CHAPTER XVII. ( 461-490).

387. S.P.O. Dom. 1584, April, no. 241. "It was one Stonor, or Stonard, that converted the lieutenant's daughter. He was prisoner in the Tower, and she was far in love with him. She conveys letters and messages between the prisoners in the Tower and the Marshalsea." Stonor afterwards served in the Prince of Parma's army (S.P.O. Dom. 1587, no. 614). Ralph, a son of Sir O. Hopton, was apparently a Catholic at Antwerp (S.P.O. Dom. Jan. to March, 1581, no. 45). Cecilia was implicated in Francis Throgmorton's treason in 1584; and a paper of May 27, 1585, concludes with the following memorandum for Tower matters: "That her Majesty be pleased to remove the lieutenant, and give him some recompense, for his poverty, and that he bought the office. Sir Drew Drury a fit man for his place."

388. S.P.O. Dom. Dec. 15, 1583, and Feb. 20, 1584.

389. Register of Malines. See note 385. In the Ecclesiæ Anglicane Trophæ there are three plates referring to Campion: his racking, his drawing to Tyburn, and his and his companions' martyrdom. To this third plate there is a note: "Horum constanti morte aliquot hominum millia ad Romanam ecclesiam conversa sunt."

390. Humphrey, Jesuitismi, præf.