xvi SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT. PAGE. LESSON XXIII. AORIST.-Sixth and Seventh Varieties.... 163 XXIV. Part I.Fourth and Fifth Varieties. 167 Part II. BENEDICTIVE MOOD.......... XXV. DESIDERATIVES 177 179 XXVI. VERBAL DERIVATIVES.-Past, Perfect, Fu- SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT. LESSON I. IRREGULARITIES BELONGING TO THE 1ST, 4TH, 6TH, AND 10TH CONJUGATIONS. 1. गुप् 'to protect' Parasm., 'to heat' Parasm., fa 'to go' or 'approach' Parasm., qu Parasm., when it means to praise,' and to praise' Parasm., all of the 1st conjugation, have added on to them before the conjugational sign; as पणायति, धूपायति, &c. The उ of गुप् takes its Guna substitute before this आयू, as गोपायति. आय् is optionally आयू retained in the non-conjugational tenses.* पण् and पन् take the Atmanepada terminations when they do not take this आयू, as पणते. 2. sq_and भ्रशू Atm., भ्लाश Atm, and भ्रम्, क्रम्, कुम्, त्रस्, लक्ष् and यस् with सम् or without any preposition, all Parasm., belong both to the 1st and to the 4th conjugation, and Parasm., त्रुद to the 4th and 6th ; as भ्राशते or भ्राश्यते, &c. 3. The penultimate of is lengthened when it takes Parasmaipada terminations in the conjugational tenses, as क्रामति or क्राम्यति ; but Atm., आक्रमते ; similarly क्लम्, and चम् 1st conj. with a, lengthen their vowels. 4. अक्ष and तक्षू when it means 'to shave or pare,' literally and not metaphorically, belong to the 1st and 5th conjuga`tions; as अक्षति or अक्ष्णोति. सृ 5. शदू 'to blow,' 'to smell,' 'to think,' 'to go,' when it means 'to run,' to restrain,' and 'to perish,' all of the 1st conjugation, substitute in the conjugational tenses धम्, जिघ्र, मन्, ऋच्छ, धौ, यच्छ and शीयू, respectively, as fà, fà, &c. The last is Atmanepadi in the conjugational tenses. गुह् 6. The penultimate of is lengthened before the conjugational sign and before any strong or Guṇa-making termination with an initial vowel; as πfa. 7. दंश and सञ्ज् Parasm.., स्वञ्ज् Atm., and रञ्ज Parasm. * For an explanation of this expression see Lesson II. and Atm., all of the 1st conjugation, drop their nasal before the conjugational sign ; as दशति, स्वजते, &c. उ 8. When a radical ॠ (long) does not undergo Guna or Vriddhi substitute, it is changed to, and to if a labial or precedes. Theor of these is lengthened when a consonant follows. Thus 4th conj. forms जीर्यति, conj. किरति, and कृत् 10th conj. कीर्तयति, &c. ज 6th 9. Roots of the 4th conjugation, ending in a drop it before the conjugational sign. Thus, सो forms स्यति, दो, द्यति, शो, इयति, and छो, छ्यति. 10. दिव्, ष्ठि, शम्, तम्, दम्, श्रम्, and मद्, all of the 4th conjugation, and भ्रम् and क्षम्, when of the 4th conjugation, lengthen their vowel in the conjugational tenses ; as दीव्यति, भ्राम्यति or भ्रमति, &c. भ्रम् has भ्रम्यति also. 11. व्यधू 4th conj. is modified into विधू before the य of that conjugation; as विध्यति. इयू 12. The ending or short or long is changed to ч or respectively before, the sign of the 6th conjugation (see Rule II., Lesson VII.); as R-kufa, z-zafa, q—yafa. नुवति, धुवति. 13. भ्रस्ज् and ब्रश्श्रू both of the 6th conjugation are modified and वृश्श् in the conjugational tenses; as भृज्जति, into वृश्चति, &c. भृज्ज् मस्ज् 14. The स् of मज and सस्ज् is changed to जू when not dropped (x. p. 54 ) ; as मज्जति, &c. 15. लुप्, लिए, खिदू, कृत् and पिश्, all of the 6th conj., insert a nasal before the final in the conjugational tenses; as लिम्पति, &c. 16. Some roots of the 10th conjugation are exclusively ātmanepadi, such as तन्त्, चित् भर्स्, मन्त्, तर्ज, विद्, &c.; as तन्त्रयते, चेतयते, &c. 17. Many roots belong optionally to the 1st or 10th conjugation, such as युज, पृच्, सह्, वृज, बृ, जू, रिच्, तप्, तृप्, इभ, अर्ह, &c.; योजति, योजयति, &c. वैषम्यमपि प्राप्ता धैर्यधनाः साधव आत्मनः सञ्चरणव्रतं गोपायन्ति । |