The first name we find is that of GILES DE OUDENARD, the Lieutenant of bishop Anthony Bek when Constable in the reign of Edward the First. RALPH BAVANT was the Lieutenant of John de Crumwell in the next reign; and SIR ROGER ASTON Lieutenant in the reign of Henry the Fifth, when King James of Scotland and other distinguished persons were prisoners.*

In the reign of Henry the Seventh SIR JOHN DIGBY was Deputy or Lieutenant to the earl of Oxford, then Constable.

In the reign of Henry the Eighth we read of several who in succession filled the office:

SIR RICHARD CHOLMONDELEY was Lieutenant in the year 1517; when, at the period afterwards known as Evil May-day, the Londoners rose against the Lombards and other merchant strangers; and on that occasion, in order to intimidate the rioters, he discharged some artillery from the fortress against the city, but did no great injury.† Sir Richard erected, in the chapel of St. Peter in the Tower, an altar-tomb sustaining effigies of himself and his wife, the former wearing the collar of esses, in token of his being a servant of the crown, under the dynasty of the house of Lancaster. There is a beautiful engraving of this monument in Bayley's History of the Tower. It was never inscribed with the date of sir Richard's death; but that is shown by his will, which was dated on the 26th Dec. 1521,‡ and proved on the 24th of March following. He had been present on the 13th May in that year at the trial of the duke of Buckingham, who was brought into Westminster Hall by sir Thomas Lovell and sir Richard Cholmondeley, then Constable and Lieutenant of the Tower.

In 1528 SIR EDWARD WALSINGHAM was Lieutenant, being mentioned in the accounts of the treasurer of the chamber for that year (published in the Trevelyan Papers recently printed for the *See Bayley's Appendix, p. xxxi.

† "While this ruffling continued, syr Richard Cholmley knight, Lieutenant of the Towre, no great frende to the citie, in a frantyke fury losed certayn peces of ordinaunce, and shot into the citie, whiche did little harme, howbeit his good wyl apered." Hall's Chronicle.

This date is misprinted 1651 in Ormerod's History of Cheshire, iii. 208: where some biographical notices of sir Richard will be found. Sir Roger Cholmondeley, afterwards recorder of London and chief justice of the King's Bench, was his natural son.

Camden Society); he received a quarterly fee of 25l., and in addition" for finding of prisoners,"-i.e. finding necessaries for prisoners unable to pay for their own support, a further sum of 251.* Sir Edward Walsingham was still Lieutenant in 1540, and then in charge of the last aged relic of the Plantagenets, Margaret countess of Salisbury, who was so barbarously butchered in the following year by the pitiless cousin who then occupied the throne of her ancestors. Sir Edward Walsingham is said to have continued Lieutenant for twenty-two years.†

1541. At this period we find sir William Kingston the Constable of the Tower, who was also Captain of the King's guard, actively engaged in the execution of his office. He it was who arrested cardinal Wolsey, and attended upon queen Anne Boleyne during her imprisonment. Dr. Lingard has on the latter occasion described him as Lieutenant instead of Constable.‡

The name of SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY is next mentioned as Lieutenant. He was a person of great eminence in his day, the father of sir Henry Sidney, Knight of the Garter, and grandfather of the illustrious sir Philip: but I do not find, in the Lives of the Sidneys, written by Arthur Collins, any notice of sir William's occupation of this office.

In 1546 SIR ANTHONY KNEVETT was the Lieutenant present at the racking of Anne Askew in the Tower; when, because of his unwillingness to increase the sufferings of the unhappy woman, the lord chancellor Wriothesley and master Rich § are related to

Trevelyan Papers, i. 143. The Lieutenant's christian name is there misgiven "Edmonde ;" and the Editor has fallen into another error in affixing to the name of the lord Curzon, who occurs in the same page as receiving a quarterly fee of 100l., a note stating that he was "Constable of the Tower." The office of sir Edward Curzon, sometimes called the Baron Curzon, was that of Master of the Ordnance: which he held in 1522. (Chronicle of Calais.) + Hasted's History of Kent, fol. 1778, vol. i. p. 99.

The same error occurs in Burnet's History of the Reformation, in the Excerpta Historica, p. 260; and in Ellis's Original Letters, First Series, ii. 53, where are several of sir William Kingston's letters to Crumwell respecting Anne Boleyne.

§ Himself, afterwards, like Wriothesley, a lord chancellor. These are the two names mentioned in the sufferer's own narrative. In the anecdote which describes the Lieutenant's conduct on the occasion the name of sir Richard

R

have taken off their gowns in order to ply the rack with their own hands. Sir Anthony was also in attendance in Smithfield when Anne Askew and her companions completed their sufferings at the stake.

The last Lieutenant in the reign of Henry the Eighth was SIR WALTER STONER, whose christian name is omitted by mr. Bayley. He received at Midsummer and Christmas 1547 payment of xxv. as his quarter's wages, xxvli. more for poor prisoners, and xxxiiijli. v. for the wages of fifteen yeomen of the Tower.*

We thus arrive at the close of the reign of Henry the Eighth without meeting with the name of sir William Skeffington, who immortalised himself by the invention of a new engine of torture, which was called Skeffington's daughter, or corruptly the Scavenger's daughter.

A committee appointed by the House of Commons in 1604, reported that they found in the dungeon called Little Ease in the Tower, "an engine of torture devised by Mr. Skevington, some time Lieutenant of the Tower, called Skevington's Daughter,† and See my pamphlet entitled "The

Baker takes the place of mr. Rich.
Racking of Anne Askew," 1859, 8vo.

* Accounts of the Treasurer of the Chamber, in the possession of sir Walter C. Trevelyan, Bart. The last sum is misprinted xxxiv". xv3. in the Trevelyan Papers, p. 194.

↑ In Foxe's Book of Martyrs will be found a representation of Cuthbert Symson, bound, head and feet, in the embraces of Skeffington's Daughter, in the year 1557. "This engine is called Skevyngton's Gives, wherein the body standeth double, the head being drawen towards the feete. The forme and maner of these gyves, and of his (Cuthbert Symson's) rackyng, you may see in the booke of Martyrs, folio 1631." (Letters of the Martyrs, 1564, 4tó. p. 686.) A few years later, the adherents of Rome had in their turn a personal acquaintance with these instruments of torture. Mathias Tanner, the martyrologist of the Jesuits, describes the Scavenger's Daughter, (to which the name had then become corrupted,) as inflicting torments the very reverse of those of the rack, but at the same time much more painful, producing in some victims a discharge of blood from the hands and feet, and in others from the nose and mouth. His words are: Præcipua torturæ post equuleum (the rack) Anglis species est, Filia Scavingeri dicta, priori omnino postposita. Cùm enim ille membra, alligatis extractisque in diversa manuum pedumque articulis, ab invicem distrahat: hæc e contra illa violentè in unum veluti globum colligat et constipat. Trifariam hìc corpus complicatur, cruribus ad femora, femoribus ad ventrem appressis, atque ita arcubus

that the place itself was very loathsome and unclean, and not used for a long time either for a prison or other cleanly purpose." But on further inquiry I am satisfied that sir William Skeffington was never Lieutenant of the Tower. He was Master of the Ordnance,* and it was in that capacity that he was required to produce this engine of penal suffering, and performed his hateful task in a manner that has contributed so materially to immortalise his name-for the very gives that he furnished are still preserved and exhibited among the curiosities of the Tower Armoury.

Before Lady-day in 1547 sir Walter Stoner had been succeeded by SIR JOHN MARKHAM, who received the same sum as his pre. decessor.† He was Lieutenant whilst bishop Gardyner was a prisoner in the Tower, and the long examinations relative to that prelate published in the first edition of Foxe's Actes and Monuments, disclose a remarkable picture of what occurred when a prisoner of high rank received his discharge. At midsummer in 1551 the bishop was daily expecting that this would be his happy lot, and he therefore commanded his servant John Davy to write the rewards, duties, and gifts due to master Lieutenant and the Knight-marshal, and the King's servants, such as he intended to bestow on his departing. And also caused him to send for a piece of satin, to be divided among the lady Markham and others, as he should think meet: which satin was bought, and this deponent (John Davy) hath now the most part thereof in keeping. Also the ferreis duobus includitur, quorum extrema dum ad se invicem labore carnificum in circulum coguntur, corpus interim miseri inclusum informi compressione pene eliditur. Immane prorsus et dirius equuleo cruciamentum, cujus immanitate corpus totum ita arctatur, ut aliis ex eo sanguis extremis manibus et pedibus exsudet, aliis ruptâ pectoris crate copiosus è naribus forcibusque sanguis effundatur, prout Cottamo etiam tum hecticâ miserè laboranti evenit, amplius horâ integrâ anulo concluso." (Societas Jesu usque ad Sanguinis et Vita profusionem Militans, &c. auctore Mathia Tanner, SS.T.D. Praga, 1675, folio, p. 18.) Thomas Cottam, the Jesuit here mentioned, suffered in the year 1582.

*He is so styled in 21 and 22 Hen. VIII. when payments were made to him for his services when sent into Ireland. Trevelyan Papers, pp. 155, 156. + MS. Trevelyan. The like entries continue quarterly to Michaelmas 3 Edw. VI. (1549,) when that record terminates.

Reprinted in the last impression edited by the Rev. S. R. Cattley, but not in the intermediate editions.

said bishop, about the same time, made his farewell feast (as they then called it) in the council-chamber in the Tower, containing two or three dinners, whereat he had the Lieutenant and the Knightmarshal* and their wives, with divers others, as sir Arthur Darcy and the lady his wife, sir Martin Bowes, sir John Godsalve,† with divers others, such as it pleased the Lieutenant and Knightmarshal to bring.

Sir John Markham the Lieutenant, and sir Ralph Hopton the Knight-marshal, when examined on the same occasion, both asserted that the bishop called it his farewell supper, but when asked whether there was "any custom of any such farewell supper to be made of the prisoners when leaving the Tower," they answered that they could not depose.

At this period sir John Gage was Constable of the Tower, but as a Romanist much distrusted:‡ for which reason the government of the fortress rested chiefly with the Lieutenant. But it appears that the same distrust extended towards sir John Markham.§ When the privy council laid their plans for the deposition of the duke of Somerset from his protectorate, they sent for sir John Markham on the 6th Oct. 1549, and required him to suffer certain others to enter the Tower for the good keeping thereof to

* Sir Ralph Hopton was Knight-marshal in 1551.

These were neighbours, resident within the Tower. The two latter were officers of the Mint and Jewelhouse.

During the reign of Edward VI. on the 28th May, 1552, sir Edward Bray had a grant of the office of Constable of the Tower in reversion after the death of sir John Gage, with the fee of one hundred pounds per ann. Bayley in his History of the Tower, p. 663, (copied by Brayley, in his smaller History,) has misnamed him sir Edmund Bray. He was the brother of Edmund lord Bray, who died in 1539, and some biographical notices of him by William Bray, the late Treasurer of the Society of Antiquaries, will be found in the History of Surrey, fol. 1804, vol. i. p. 517. But whether sir Edward Bray ever occupied the office of Constable I have not ascertained. He died on the 1st Dec. 1558; and sir Robert Oxenbridge (see hereafter, p. 235) had been appointed Constable nearly two years before that time, perhaps on the demise of sir John Gage, who died 25 Apr. 1556. § Sir John Markham of Cotham in Nottinghamshire, and M.P. for that county. His will is dated April 1, 1559, but the date of his death is not stated in A History of the Markham Family, by the Rev. David Frederick Markham, 1854, 8vo., pp. 19, 114.