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Cumberland. The Small Dining-Room is adorned with pictures by the late Mr. Greatheed. The portrait of Napoleon was pronounced by the Emperor's mother the most striking resemblance of her son that she had ever seen, yet Mr. Greatheed had only the means of seeing Napoleon at a public audience. There are three subjects from Shakspeare:-King Lear and his Daughter; Macbeth and his Lady; and Shylock. In addition to these, there are copies, well executed, of the St. Jerome of Corregio, and of Diogenes, by Spagnoletto. This room also contains busts of John and Charles Kemble, and Mrs. Siddons and her daughter. Mrs. Siddons lived for some time at Guy's Cliff, as waiting woman to Lady Mary Greatheed.

Before concluding our notice of this interesting locality, we quote, from Mr. Hugh Miller's "First Impressions of England," the following remarks on the geology of Guy's Cliff and Warwick:-"From Stratford to the western suburbs of Warwick, the substratum of the landscape is composed, as every fallow field which we pass certifies in its flush of chocolate red, of the saliferous marls. Just, however, where the town borders on the country, the lower pavement of sandstone, on which the marls rest, comes to the surface, and stretches away northward in a long promontory, along which we find cliffs and quarries, and altogether bolder features than the denuding agents could have sculptured out of incoherent marls. Guy's Cliff, and the cliff on which Warwick Castle stands are both composed of this sandstone. It is richer, too, in remains of vertebrate animals, than the upper New Red, anywhere else in England. It has its bone bed, containing, though in a sorely mutilated state, the remains of fish, chiefly teeth, and the remains of the teeth and vertebræ of Saurians. The Saurian of Guy's Cliff, with the exception of the Dolomitic Conglomerate near Bristol, is the oldest British reptile known to geologists."

BLACKLOW HILL,

Near Guy's Cliff, is interesting as the scene of the summary execution of Piers Gaveston, Earl of Cornwall, the haughty favourite of Edward II. Having surrendered himself on a promise of safety to the insurgent barons, he was conveyed to Deddington Castle, near Banbury; which place being attacked by Guy de Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, the unhappy prisoner was, after a mere show of resistance, delivered up to him. Warwick bore a deadly hatred to Gaveston, having been brand

ed by him with the epithet of "the black bound of Arden." Gaveston was carried off to Warwick Castle, and thence to Blacklow Hill, where he was beheaded. Blacklow Hill is a small wooded eminence, a little way from the side of the Warwick and Coventry road. On the moss grown rock on its side may be seen the inscription, nearly illegible: "P. Gaveston, Earl of Cornwall, beheaded here +1311." A stone cross erected by the late Mr. Greatheed adds materially to the picturesque beauty of the spot. On its base is the following inscription: "On the 1st of July 1312, in the hollow of this rock, was beheaded Piers Gaveston, Earl of Cornwall, the minion of a hateful king; in life, as in death, a striking instance of misrule."

LEAMINGTON.

Population in 1851, 15,692. Inhabited houses, 2,732. From Warwick, 2 miles; from London, 97; from Edinburgh, 326.

HOTELS.-Regent, Wallis,-Bed 3s., breakfast 2s. 6d., attendance 1s. 6d. Bath, G. Russell,-Bed 1s. to 2s. 6d., breakfast 1s. 6d. to 2s., dinner 2s. to 4s., tea 1s. 6d. to 2s., attendance 1s., private room 3s. Clarendon, Mrs. Hughes, —According to the mode of living. Crown, J. Stanley, -Bed 1s. 6d. to 2s., breakfast 1s. 6d. to 1s. 9d., dinner 2s. to 3s. 6d., tea 1s. 6d., attendance 2s. Angel, Bedford, Lansdowne, Manor House, Temperance.

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This fashionable spa is pleasantly situated on the Leam, a tributary of the Avon. From a small obscure village, it has risen in the course of forty years to be one of the most esteemed watering places in the kingdom. The addition of "Priors was made to its name in consequence of its being bestowed on the monks of Kenilworth, and in order to distinguish it from the village of Leamington Hastang, several miles distant. There are few facts of interest in its ancient history. It was one of the numerous possessions of Turchill, the last of the Saxon Earls of Warwick. After passing through various families, it was taken possession of by the crown, on the dissolution of the monasteries by Henry VIII. It was conferred by Queen Elizabeth on Ambrose Dudley, the good Earl of

Warwick, upon whose death, without heirs, it again reverted to the crown, when it was bestowed in 1605 on the accomplished Fulke Greville by James I. Subsequently it was divided among various proprietors; but the manorial rights are vested in the Earl of Aylesford. Leamington owes its prosperity to its mineral waters. The first notice of them is by Camden in 1586. Afterwards they were mentioned by Speed, Dugdale, Fuller, and Dr. Thomas, the continuator of Dugdale. It was not, however, till the year 1784, that public attention began to be drawn to any extent to the waters of Leamington. In that year a saline spring was discovered by Benjamin Satchwell, the village shoemaker, to whose indefatigable exertions in bringing the various attractions of his native village before the public, its subsequent rise to prosperity is in a great measure to be traced. The Morning Chronicle rendered good service to the infant spa by the publication of articles by Satchwell and others; and a treatise on the waters by Dr. Lambe of Warwick in 1794 had the effect of attracting considerable numbers of visitors. In the beginning of the present century several new springs were discovered, and some handsome suites of baths erected. The publication of Scott's novel of "Kenilworth," in 1818, had a great influence in attracting visitors to the locality, and bringing it into very general notice. Leamington is also under a deep debt of obligation to Dr. Jephson, whose liberality and untiring exertions for the promotion of the interests of the town are universally acknowledged. The increase of population within the last forty years is a fair index of its remarkable progress. In 1811, the population was 543; in 1821-2183; in 1831-6269; in 1841-12,600; and in 1851-15,692. In 1812 there were only 60 houses; in 1851 there were 2732. Forty years ago, when the spirit of improvement was beginning to operate, the roads were miserable, the inns few and indifferent, and no stage coach passed nearer than two miles. It was a small village, innocent of drainage, and possessing only a few buildings that could claim to be called fashionable. But in the course of these forty years the public spirit and energy of the inhabitants and neighbouring proprietors have accomplished a wonderful change. Scarcely any traces of the old village remain. Leamington now boasts of " "crescents," squares, "terraces," and "parades," that need not dread comparison with metropolitan streets similarly named. Its baths are

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unsurpassed in Europe. In its neighbourhood are many handsome villas, and the number of these is increasing every year. And with all the "appliances and means of modern progress

and comfort Leamington is now well supplied. It has hotels furnished and conducted in the most superior manner; it is well supplied with vehicles of all kinds; its roads are well kept; it is accessible by railway from all quarters of the country; its public buildings are in general tasteful; and its means of public amusement numerous. In 1838, the Leamington Spa was styled "Royal," with the sanction of Her Majesty, who had visited the town in 1830 when Princess Victoria.

THE MINERAL WATERS are saline, sulphureous, and chalybeate. They are twelve in number, and are used both externally and internally. Their difference with regard to solid ingredients is so slight, that it is of little consequence to which spring the invalid resorts. In connection with these, as well as other mineral waters, it is desirable that medical advice should be obtained previous to their being used. They are regarded as efficacious in derangement of the digestive functions, diseases of the skin, and visceral obstructions. Long before and after their introduction to public notice by Benjamin Satchwell and his worthy coadjutor William Abbots, these waters were regarded as a potent cure for hydrophobia -a virtue which is not now insisted upon. The " season for the use of the waters extends from May to October. For a detailed account of the properties of the waters, and the manner in which they should be used, we must refer the visitor to the numerous medical papers and analyses that have been published. The following hints as to the use of the waters are derived from the treatises of Drs. Middleton and London, and from other sources. Drinking.—The time required to give the waters a trial is a month or six weeks, though of course a much longer time will be required to experience their full virtues. The average quantity for adults is a pint. It is taken the first thing in the morning, one half being reserved until twenty minutes' brisk exercise after the first dose. It should if possible be drunk at the spring. The saline waters should be used with some caution, as, when taken in undue quantities, they have a very irritating and hurtful effect on the bowels. The sulphureous waters are not likely to be beneficial, when, after a strict attention to the medical directions as to their use, they are found to produce headache and sickness, and unduly to excite any of the excretions. The chalybeate water is valuable as a tonic and diffusible stimulus. It is used in weak. lax, and pale habits, and is regarded as having a favourable influence in the cachexia. Bathing.-The warm

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saline bath is of great service for diseases of the skin, stiffness of the joints, and paralytic affections. It should be taken once or twice a week in conjunction with the drinking of the waters, and oftener if the patient do not use the water internally. The cold bath should be taken, in cases where it is desirable, in the usual manner. Shower, tepid, medicated, and other baths, may also be had at the various establishments. Our space will not allow of a detailed account of the analyses of the different springs. The following view of their average contents (without decimal fractions) will be found sufficiently accurate for general information. An imperial pint contains

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Silica (in Clemens St. chalybeate and sulphureous springs, 6 grains traces in two others); Peroxide of Iron (Clemens St. chalybeate, 8 grains-minute traces in all the other springs); Iodine and Bromide of Sodium, minute traces.

Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Sulphuretted Hydrogen, in minute quantities; Carbonic acid, 3 cubic inches.

THE PUMP ROOMS AND BATHS. The original spring is that called Lord Aylesford's Well. It was enclosed by the Earl of Aylesford, lord of the manor, in 1803, who granted the use of it in perpetuity to the poor. The present building was erected by his grandson. The Royal Pump Room and Baths were designed by Mr. C. S. Smith of Warwick, and erected at a cost of £25,000. The front facing the road is 106 feet in length, and 30 feet high. At either end is a wing appropriated to baths, which are twenty in number; and the whole is surrounded with a colonnade of duplicated pillars of the Doric order. The Pump Room is well proportioned and elegantly ornamented; the baths are furnished with every convenience, and the adjoining_grounds afford pleasant promenades. The Victoria Pump Room and Baths occupy a pleasant position at the north-west angle of Victoria Terrace. This tasteful structure was erected in 1838, on the site of a building which had been raised shortly after the discovery of the spring. It has a pleasant colonnade on the side of the Leam. The interior is elegantly fitted up and decorated. To its other attractions it adds a reading-room and pleasure grounds. The Original Baths, Bath Street, were the first established in Leamington, being founded in 1786 by

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