An Introduction to Celestial Mechanics

Portada
Macmillan, 1914 - 437 pàgines
 

Continguts

Analytical demonstration of the law of areas
71
The differential equations of motion
72
The vis viva integral
78
Examples of finding the law of force
84
Force varying as the distance
90
ART PAGE
93
Case of constant force
97
The attraction of a thin homogeneous spherical shell upon
99
Attraction upon a particle in a homogeneous spherical shell
106
Level surfaces
113
The potential and attraction of a solid homogeneous oblate
119
The attraction of a solid homogeneous ellipsoid upon an exterior
127
The attraction at the surfaces of spheroids
133
CHAPTER V
140
The equations for relative motion
143
The integrals of areas
145
Problem in the plane
146
The elements in terms of the constants of integration
148
Properties of the motion
149
Position in elliptic orbits
158
Geometrical derivation of Keplers equation
159
Solution of Keplers equation
161
Differential corrections
162
Graphical solution of Keplers equation
163
Recapitulation of formulas
164
The development of E in series
165
The development of r and v in series
169
Direct computation of the polar coördinates
172
Position in hyperbolic orbits
177
The heliocentric position in the ecliptic system
182
Transfer of the origin to the earth
185
85
186
Direct computation of the geocentric equatorial coördinates
187
Historical sketch and bibliography
190
CHAPTER VI
191
General considerations 109 Intermediate elements
192
Preparation of the observations 191 192
194
Outline of the Laplacian method of determining orbits
195
Outline of the Gaussian method of determining orbits 195
199
THE LAPLACIAN METHOD OF DETERMINING ORBITS 113 Determination of the first and second derivatives of the angular coördinates from th...
202
Determination of the derivatives from more than three ob servations
205
The approximations in the determination of the values of λ µ v
206
Choice of the origin of time
207
The approximations when there are four observations
208
The fundamental equations 208
211
The equations for the determination of r and p
212
The condition for a unique solution
217
121
218
Reduction of the determinants D and D₂
224
Improvement of the values of x y z x y
230
The equations for
236
Determination of the elements a e and
243
Direct derivation of equations defining orbits
249
CHAPTER VII
261
Dynamical properties of the solutions
312
CHAPTER IX
321
Effects of the tangential component upon the major axis
327
Disturbing effects of a resisting medium
333
ART PAGE 186 Analytical resolution of the disturbing effects of a third body
338
Perturbations of the node
342
Perturbations of the inclination
343
Precession of the equinoxes Nutation
344
Resolution of the disturbing acceleration in the plane of motion
345
Perturbations of the major axis
347
Perturbation of the period
348
The variation
350
The parallactic inequality
352
Secondary effects
355
Perturbations of the eccentricity
356
The evection
359
Gauss method of computing secular variations
360
The long period inequalities
361
Problems on perturbations
362
Historical sketch and bibliography
363
CHAPTER X
366
Illustrative example
367
Equations in the problem of three bodies
372
Transformation of variables
374
Method of solution
377
Determination of the constants of integration
381
The terms of the first order
382
The terms of the second order
383
Problems on the method of computing perturbations
386
Choice of elements
387
Properties of Lagranges brackets
388
Transformation to the ordinary elements
390
215
391
Computation of w 8 i i w
395
Computation of K P
396
Computation of a e e o o a
397
Change from 8 w and a to π and e
400
Introduction of rectangular components of the disturbing ac celeration
402
Problems on variation of elements
405
Development of the perturbative function
406
Development of R12 in the mutual inclination
407
Development of the coefficients in powers of e1 and e2
409
Developments in Fourier series
410
ᎪᎡᎢ PAGE 225 Periodic variations
413
Long period variations
416
Secular variations
417
Terms of the second order with respect to the masses
419
Lagranges treatment of the secular variations
420
Computation of perturbations by mechanical quadratures
425
General reflections
429
Problems on the perturbative function
430
Historical sketch and bibliography
431
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Pàgina 152 - The squares of the periodic times of the planets are proportional to the cubes of their mean distances from the sun.
Pàgina 3 - Every body continues in its state of rest, or of uniform motion in a straight line, unless it is compelled to change that state by forces impressed upon it.
Pàgina 3 - Change of motion is proportional to the impressed force, and takes place in the direction of the straight line in which the force acts.
Pàgina 363 - made his head ache and kept him awake so often that he would think of it no more.
Pàgina 3 - III. To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction; or, the mutual actions of two bodies are always equal and oppositely directed.
Pàgina 345 - ... around that of the ecliptic, and the pole of the equator around the pole of the ecliptic, and constantly at a distance equal to the inclination of the two circles. To transfer our conceptions to the celestial sphere, we may easily see that the axis of the diurnal sphere (that of the earth produced...
Pàgina 46 - ... as the differences increase. Theoretically, in all gases the range of the values of the velocities is from zero to infinity, although the extreme cases occur at infinitely rare intervals compared to the others. Under constant pressure the velocities are directly proportional to the square root of the absolute temperature, and inversely proportional to the square root of the molecular weight. Since in all gases all velocities exist, some of the molecules of the gaseous envelopes of the heavenly...
Pàgina 345 - They communicate this tendency to the whole earth so that the plane of the earth's equator turns in the retrograde direction on the plane of the ecliptic. On the other hand, it follows from the symmetry of the figure with respect to the nodes of the orbits of the particles of the equatorial ring, that there will be no change in the inclination of the plane of the equator to that of the ecliptic or the moon's orbit. The mass moved is so great, and the forces acting are so small, that this retrograde...
Pàgina 4 - ... upon it. LAW II. The rate of change of motion is proportional to the force impressed, and takes place in the direction of the straight line in which the force acts.
Pàgina 92 - UJ.= -h2.^and the equation of the orbit becomes u = MO- In this case equation (34) fails. 62. Force Varying Inversely as the Square of the Distance. Suppose a particle moves under the influence of a central attraction the intensity of which varies inversely as the square of the distance ; it is required to determine its orbit when it is projected in any manner. Equation (25) is in this case -Qs d?u k2 (37) d* - h2 ~ u.

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