Imatges de pàgina
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ber ; as, नास्ति पुण्यवान् (तस्मात् understood) यस्य मित्रेण सम्भाषः, "there is not a happier (than that man) of whom there is conversation with a friend"; vàn fâ qì a gçıf, "What is the use of wealth (to him) who does not give?"

b. Sometimes, though rarely, the antecedent noun precedes the relative in the natural order ; as, न सा भाय्या यस्यां भर्ती न तुष्यति, " She is not a wife in whom the husband does not take pleasure."

c. तावत् and यावत् stand to each other in the relation of demonstrative and relative; as, यावन्ति तस्य द्वीपस्य वस्तूनि तावन्ति अस्माकम् उपनेतव्यानि, 3, "As many products as belong to that island, so many are to be brought to us."

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d. Similarly, तादृश and यादृश; as, यादृशं वृत्तं तादृशं तस्मै कथितवन्तः, As the event occurred, so they related it to him.”

SYNTAX OF SUBSTANTIVES.

Under this head it is proposed to explain the construction of substantives, without reference to their connection with particular adjectives, verbs, or participles; and for this purpose it will be desirable to exhibit examples under each case.

Nominative Case.

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A substantive simply and absolutely expressed must be placed in the nominative case; as, हितोपदेशः, “ the Hitopadesha "; भट्टिकाव्यं, "the poem of Bhatti.”

a. Two nominative cases in different numbers may be placed

in apposition to each other; as, qunfa qui, grass as a bed."

Accusative Case.

b. Substantives are not found in the accusative, unconnected with verbs or participles, except as expressing duration of time or space. See r. 180. 181.

Instrumental Case.

175. This case yields a variety of senses. The most usual is that of the instrument or means by which any thing is done; as, मया (उक्लं), “ by me it was said "; व्याधेन (पाशो योजित:), “ by the fowler a snare was laid";, "by the study of the Vedas "; "with one's own eye."

a. It also has the force of "with" in expressing other col

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lateral ideas; as, tum est, “vying with the strong"; f सम्भाषः, conversation with a friend"; for: “equality with beasts"; fag, "with the knowledge of (his) father"; espeपितुर् गोचरेण, cially when accompaniment is intended; as, fru ye, “the गुरुः, master with his pupil."

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b. The other senses yielded by this case are "through," "by reason of "; as, q, “through compassion"; quoda, on account of that transgression."

c. "According to," "by "; as, faf, "according to rule";

,"according to my opinion"; T, "by birth."

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d. The "manner" in which any thing is done, as denoted in English by the adverbial affix ly, or by the prepositions in, at;· as, बाहुल्येन, “in abundance "; धर्मेण, “ virtuously "; स्वेच्छया, “at pleasure"; सुखेन, “ at ease"; अनेन विधिना, “ in this way "; महता aza (faqan:), “they both dwell together in great intimacy "; (नृपः सर्व्वभूतानि अभिभवति) तेजसा, “ a king surpasses all beings in glory "; मनसा ( न कर्त्तव्यं), “ such a deed must not even be imagined in the mind"; 4, "in human form."

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“there is

e. Substantives expressive of "want," "need," may be joined with the instrumental of the thing wanted; as, "there is no occasion for inquiry"; ma a no need of me as a servant";, “there is use for a straw.” f. The price for which any thing is done may be in the instrumental; as, पञ्चभिः पुराणैर् (याति दासत्वं), “ for five purānas he becomes a slave"; बहुभिर् दत्तैर् (युध्यन्ते), “they fight for great rewards.” Similarly, प्राणपरित्यागमूल्येन (श्रीर् न लभ्यते), "fortune is not obtained at the price of the sacrifice of life."

महद्

g. So, also, difference between two things; as, 1941 aydu - Heç ami, "there is great difference between you and the ocean."

h. The English expression "under the idea that " is expressed by the inst. case of the substantive बुद्धि; as, व्याघ्र बुझा, "under the idea that he was a tiger."

Double Instrumental.

i. Sometimes when two substantives come together, expressing parts of a common idea, they are both placed in the instrumental, instead of one in the genitive; as, ags: yâr read, “an odour is emitted by the bakul-plants by their flowers" (for वकुलानां पुष्पैः). Similarly, ताम् आश्वासयामास प्रेप्पाभिश् चन्दनोदकैः, “he caused her to revive by her attendants by sandal-water."

Dative Case.

176. This case is of very limited applicability, and its functions, irrespectively of the influence of verbs, are restricted to the expression of the object, motive, or cause for which any thing is done, or the result to which any act tends; as, im fage, "for self-aggrandizement"; "for the counteraction of calamity"; greď a greď faq, "arms and books (lead) to शस्त्रं च शास्त्रं चं प्रतिपत्तये, renown.' When, as in the last example, the result or end to which any thing leads is denoted by this case, the verb is seldom expressed, but appears to be involved in the case itself. following are other examples, यत्र आस्ते विषसंसर्गो - मृतं तदपि मृत्यवे, "where there is admixture of poison, then even nectar (leads) to death ''; उपदेशो मूर्खीणां प्रकोपाय न शान्तये, “ advice to fools (leads) to irritation, not to conciliation ; स वृडपतिस तस्याः सन्तोषाय न अभवत् 'that old husband was not to her liking."

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a. It will be seen hereafter that certain verbs of "giving” and “relating," govern the dative. Substantives derived from such verbs exercise a similar influence; as, अन्यस्मै दानं, “ the giving to another"; अन्यस्मै कथनं, “ the telling to another.”

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b. Words expressive of salutation or reverence are joined with the dative; as, गणेशाय नम:, “ reverence to Ganesha"; कुशलं ते, “health to thee.”

Ganesha";,

Ablative Case.

177. The proper force of the ablative case is expressed by "from"; as, (a: mafa), "from avarice anger arises"; लोभात् (क्रोधः प्रभवति), गिरे: पतनं, “ falling from a mountain "; चाराणां मुखात्, “ from the mouth of the spies."

a. Hence this case passes to the expression of various correlative ideas; as, welun fafen, "a portion of (from) their food "; and like the instrumental it very commonly signifies "by reason of," "in consequence of"; as, magari an, on account of the slaughter of cows and men ": अनवसर प्रवेशात् (पुत्रं निन्दति ), “ he blames his son for entering inopportunely"; "through fear

of punishment";

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genuin, “by reason of my good fortune.” b. "According to"; as, afegi, "according to the advice of the minister." Abstract nouns in are often found in this case to express some of these ideas ; as, अनवस्थितचित्तत्वात्, “ by reason of the unsteadiness of his mind." Especially in the

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writings of commentators; as, "according to what will be said hereafter."

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c. It also expresses "through the means" or "instrumentality of "; as, :, "caught in the toils through the instrumentality of the jackall"; न औषधपरिज्ञानाद (व्याघेः शान्तिर् भवेत् ), “ the alleviation of disease is not effected by the mere knowledge of the medicine."

d. The "manner" in which any thing is done, is occasionally expressed by the ablative; as, “with diligence"; "forcibly "; ; कुतूहलात्, "with wonder"; H, “tearing up by the roots"; or by the ablative affix ; as,:, "at one's own pleasure" (cf. p. 152. a.).

e. This case also denotes "after"; as, fan, “after separation from the body”; मुख्य प्रतिबन्धनात्, “after the imprisonment of the Chief"; तस्य आगमनात्,

"since his arrival."

f. In reference to time, "within"; as, fa, “within three fortnights."

g. Nouns expressive of fear are joined with the ablative of the thing feared; as, मृत्योर् भयं, “ fear of death"; चौरजो भयं, “fear of robbers.”

Genitive Case.

178. This and the locative case are of the most extensive application, and are often employed, in a vague and indeterminate manner, to express relations properly belonging to the other cases.

The true force of the genitive is equivalent to "of," and this case appears most frequently when two substantives are to be connected, so as to present one idea; as, f, "the speech of a friend "; भर्त्ता नाय्याः परमं भूषणं, “the best ornament of a woman is her husband "; न नरस्य नरो दासो दासस् तु अर्थस्य, “ man is not the slave of man, but the slave of wealth."

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a. Possession is frequently expressed by the genitive case alone, without a verb; as, सब्र्व्वीः सम्पत्तयस् तस्य सन्तुष्टं यस्य मानसं, “all riches belong to him who has a contented mind "; धन्यो-हं यस्य ईदृशी भाय्या, “happy am I in possessing such a wife.”

b. It often, however, has the force of "to," and is very generally used to supply the place of the dative ; as, प्राणा चात्मनो ऽभीष्टाः, “ one's own life is dear to one's self "; न योजनशतं दूरं वाह्यमानस्य तृष्णया,

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'a hundred yojanas is not far to one borne away by thirst (of gain) "; किं प्रज्ञावताम् अविदितं, " what is unknown to the wise " ? किम्

were prufa

किं मया अपकृतं राज्ञः, king"? fam

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:, "what does a lamp show to a blind man"?

what offence have I committed towards the werd zij and:, "what can this man do to us?" c. And not unfrequently of "in" or "on"; as, tui fare:, "confidence in women ";, "dependence on me."

d. It is even equivalent occasionally to "from" or "by," as usually expressed by the ablative or instrumental; as, न कस्यापि ( उपायनं गृह्णीयात्), “one ought not to accept a present from any one"; (ii), “the wood is to be abandoned by us"; स धन्यो यस्य अर्थिनो न प्रयान्ति विमुखाः, “he is blessed from whom suppliants do not depart in disappointment."

e. Difference between two things is expressed by this case; as, a AcquL HEG "there is great difference between the master and the servant." Cf. p. 182.

Locative Case.

g.

179. The locative, like the genitive, expresses the most diversified relations, and frequently usurps the functions of the other cases. Properly, it has the force of "in," "on," or "at," as expressive of many collateral and analogous ideas; thus, , "in the night";, "in the village"; q, "on the back"; f far, विश्वासः, "confidence in you"; qfe, "rain on desert ground "; प्रथमबुभुक्षायां, "at the first desire of eating"; funt difunt वृक्षः, a tree planted in the earth."

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a. Hence it passes into the sense "towards "; as, a f क्षमा शत्रौ च मित्रे ,"leniency towards an enemy as well as a friend"; y, compassion towards all creatures"; fa, "upright towards friends"; सुकृत शतम् असत्सु नष्टं, “a hundred good offices are thrown away upon the wicked."

b. Words signifying "cause," "motive," or "need," are joined with the locative; as, सत्रपत्वे हेतु:, “ the cause of his modesty'; भूपालयोर् विमहे भववचनं निदानं, 'your speech was the cause of the war between the two princes";

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antrà ai fa, "the absence of a suitor is the cause of a woman's chastity";

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Âìanvi få guìa, “what need of a boat." Also, words signifying employment or occupation; as, à uqfa:, “engaging in the acquisition of wealth." Words derived from the root yuj usually require the locative ; as, मम राज्यरक्षायाम् 34, "I am of service in preserving the kingdom."

c. This case may yield other senses equivalent to "by reason of," "for," &c.; as, मे छिद्रेषु, “through my faults"; चार: परराष्ट्राणाम् अवलोकने, “ a spy is for the

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