66 b. But the greater number of complex compounds are used relatively, as epithets of some other word in the sentence; as, गलित, नखनयनः, -नी, नं, " whose teeth and eyes were decayed,” the whole being the relative form of descriptive, involving an aggregative; शुक्लमाल्यानुलेपनः, -ना, - नं, “having a white garland and unguents," the whole being the relative form of aggregative, involving a descriptive;,,, “done in a former birth," the whole being the relative form of dependent, involving a descriptive; faqe:, -a, -, “advanced in learning and age,' the whole being the relative form of dependent, involving an aggregative; fun eqsi dia:, -a, -, "having fresh garlands, and being free from dust," the whole being the relative form of aggregative, involving a descriptive and dependent; fàays fau:, -, -, "whose head was moist with unction." งา c. The substantive fe, "a beginning," often occurs in complex relative compounds, as in simple relatives (r. 157. b.); thus, yumftaiçu:, “parrots, starlings, &c." (agreeing with fau:, “birds beginning with parrots and starlings"), the whole being the relative form of dependent, involving an aggregative; farfare, “peace, war, &c.” (agreeing with पूब्र्व्वोक्तं understood); गृहदेवागारादियुक्तः, -क्ता, -,"possessed of houses, temples, &c." Similarly, in the example उत्तमगन्धाद्या: (agreeing with सजः, “ garlands possessing the best odour and other qualities"). d. Long complex compounds may be generally translated by beginning at the last word and proceeding regularly backwards; as in the following मत्त मधुकर निकरमुक्तककार, मिलितकोकिलालाप, सङ्गीतक सुखावहः, -हा, -हं, “causing pleasure by the music of the voice of the cuckoo, blended with the hum emitted by the swarms of joyous bees." e. Alma or gy, as occupying the last place in a complex relative, denote " composed of”; thus, हस्त्यश्वरथपदातिकर्म्मकरात्मकं बलं, “a force consisting of elephants, horses, chariots, infantry, and servants"; sich goingbain, “the two actions consisting of the good and evil done in a former birth." Certain Anomalous Compounds. f. There are certain compounds which are too anomalous in their formation to admit of ready classification under any one of the preceding heads. Amongst these may be placed those compounds expressive of comparison or likeness, usually included under the Karmadharaya or Descriptive class. In these the adjective is placed last; as, :, -, -, “fickle as a shadow "; फेनोपमः, -मा, मं, " like foam"; असुदश्यामः, -मा, मं, “darkasa cloud"; ferat:, -, -, "spread out like a mountain"; भूधरविस्तीर्णः, -णी, जलविन्दु लोलचपलः, -ला, -लं, “unsteady as a trembling drop of water"; नलिनीदलतोय तरल:, -ला, -लं, “ tremulous as water on the leaf of a lotus"; the last two examples are complex. 66 g. There is a common anomalous compound formed by placing after another word, to express another," "other "; as, "along with another king "; "another place"; uf, "other births." The following examples, also, are not readily assignable to any class: fang, “a fighter who abanत्यक्तजीवितयोधी, dons all idea of life"; fɛn:, -, -4, “accompanied by the Sarasa"; eg, "never before seen." * Compound Nouns formed from Roots combined with Prepositions. 163. In the next section it will be shewn that the combination of roots with prepositions prevails most extensively in Sanscrit. From roots thus combined nouns of the most various significations may be formed; thus, from , "to seize," with f and wa, is formed, "practice," from , "to do," with, "imitation." Hardly a line can occur in any book that does not afford an example of this kind of compound. SECT. II.-COMPOUND VERBS. 164. The learner might look over the list of 1900 simple roots, and very well imagine that in some of these would be contained every possible variety of idea, and that the aid of prepositions and adverbial prefixes to expand and modify the sense of each root would be unnecessary. But the real fact is, that there are comparatively very few Sanscrit roots in common use; and that whilst those that are so appear in a multitude of different forms by the prefixing of one or two or even three prepositions, the remainder * Soft: in Nala, translated by Bopp, umbra geminatus. are quite useless for any practical purposes, except the formation of nouns. Hence it is that compound verbs are of more frequent occurrence than simple ones. They are formed in two ways: 1st, by combining roots with prepositions; 2dly, by combining the auxiliaries कृ. 'to do," and , “to be," with adverbs, or nouns con 66 verted into adverbs. Compound Verbs formed by combining Prepositions with Roots. 165. The following list exhibits the prepositions chiefly used in combination with roots: fa ati, “across," "beyond"; as, fur (p. 112.); an, "to pass by," "transgress" (pres. wf, &c. p. 112.). fadhi, “above," "upon," "over"; as, f, "to stand over," "preside" (p. 107. pres. fufaifa); f, "to climb upon "; fit, "to lie upon" (p. 113.); wf, "to go over towards" (p. 107.); wf, “to go over" in the sense of "reading” (p. 113.). anu, "after"; as, "to follow "; we, "to follow," in the sense of "performing ";, "to imitate" (p. 102.); "to assent." अन्तर् gan, antar, “within "(cf. inter); as, , "to place within," "conceal” (p. 119.), in pass. "to vanish ";, "to be within" (p. 104.);, "to walk in the midst" (r. 31.). अप apa, “ off,” “ away" (cf. ånd) ; as, अपगम्, अपसृ, अपे (from अप to lead away ''; अपकृष्, and, p. 112.), "to go away"; "to abstract"; ut, "to lead tion; as, w, “to defame.” अपि api, “ on,” “ over,” only used with धा and नह् ; as, अपिधा, “to shut up"; fq, "to bind on." rejected, leaving पिधा, पिनह. 66 The initial a is generally fabhi, “to,” “towards" (cf. ènì); as, for 66 66 eft, "to go to"to behold wards"; frq, "to run towards"; (p. 107.); whore, “to address, salute." सव ava, “ down,” “ off"; as, अवरुह्, अवतृ, “ to descend "; "to look down"; "to throw down," "scatter"; "to cut off." It also implies disparagement; as, despise" (p. 123.); wafaq, "to insult" (p. 111.). Tā, "to,' When pre towards," "up" (Latin ad); as, faş, “to enter"; ,"to go towards "; I, "to mount up." fixed to गम् and ч,"to go,” and ¿, action ; as, आागम्, साया, “ to come "; चर्, to practise.' งา 66 to give," it reverses the सादा, to take." With TM ut, “up,” “upwards" (opposed to fa); as, J (r. 16.), ♬fɛ, "to go up,' ," "rise" (pres. Jurf, 1st conj.); t, "to fly up "; उदयामि, उड्डी, उड़ (उत् and r. 18.), “ to extract"; उन्मिम् and उन्मील (r. 15. ), "to open the eyes"; m, f, "to cut up"; &, F, up";, “to root up"; f, "to lift up" (and fë, r. 17.). When prefixed to it causes the elision of s; as, “to stand up." In some cases it reverses the action; as, from , “to fall," उत्पत्, "to leap up"; from , "to bend down," (r. 15.), नम्, "to raise up"; from ч, “to keep down,", "to lift up.” upa, "to," " towards " (f. vnò), joined like of motion; as, 3441, 'to approach"; 66 with fa, "to sit down." and f to roots "to wait upon,” få ni, “down,” “downwards," "under" (opposed to ); as, faun 66 “ to fall down"; नियम्, “ to suppress "; निमिष् and निमील्, “ to close the eyes"; fafay, far, w, "to lay down,” “deposit "; fafas, "to go within," " encamp." With वृत् it signifies "to return, desist"; with 4, “to hear.” In some cases it does not alter the sense; as, f, "to kill.” งา 66 fæ nir, “out”; as, f (cf. note, p. 15.), faħą, fa:ą (r. 31.), “to go out"; fa, "to cut up"; fa, "to come to an end," 99 cease. With f," to determine." 66 ч parā, “back,” “backwards" (cf. Tapa), combined with f and in the sense of "defeat "; as, qufa, to overcome" (cf. πаρаvikάw, Æsch. Chöe.); quy, "to be defeated." When joined with , 2d conj., it signifies "to retire towards" (pres. f); when with, 1st conj. atm., "to run away," "to retreat," r being changed to 7 (pres. ч14). ft pari, "around" (cf. Tepí, per); as, round"; afer, af, "to go round "; aftag, aftq, "to sur- f, "to run round." When prefixed to it signifies "to adorn," and is inserted, परिष्कृ. With भू, "to despise," and with, "to avoid." It some times merely gives intensity to the action; as, f, "to abandon altogether." ■ pra, “before,” “forward" (cf. πро, pro, pra); as, proceed"; "to set before," " present"; 66 to begin "; With लभ, इष्, ,"to run forward "; e,"to set out," "advance"; m, "to be superior," "prevail"; "to foresee." "to deceive." In combination with the causal of 4, it drops its final a; as, f, “I send." The influences a following nasal by r. 21.; as, u, to bend before," "salute." f* f" prati, "against," "towards," "back again"; as, fag, "to प्रतियुध्, fight against "; ut, "to go towards " (pres. f); fanų, “to return"; fa, "to counteract"; fa, "to beat back," repel"; "to answer"; 66 66 प्रतिकृ, to lead back"; f, “to re-salute." with "to arrive at," "obtain." पद्, "to recover"; fact, With," to promise "; fa vi, "apart," implying "separation," "distinction,' distinction," "distribution," dispersion" (Latin dis, se); as, fa, "to wander about "; fa, 'to vacillate"; fa, "to roam for pleasure"; faq, “to dissipate"; fa, "to tear asunder "; far, "to divide "; fafa, "to distinguish." Sometimes it gives a privative signification; as, fag, "to disunite"; far, "to forget"; fast, "to sell." With, "to change for the worse." Sometimes it has no apparent influence on the root; as, fa, "to perish." विस्मृ, sam, "with," "together with" (ovv, con); as, af, age, “to collect"; "to join together";, "to meet together "; सम्पद्, “ to happen "; सङ्क्षिप्, “to contract.' With it signifies "to perfect," and is inserted, . It is often prefixed without altering the sense; as, , "to be produced." कृ 166. Two prepositions are often combined with a root; as, et, "to open" (fa, );, "to assemble" (,, with root ); fч, “to prostrate one's self" (, fa, r. 21.); mg, “to raise up" (,, with root ₹). Occasionally three prepositions are combined; as, “to predict” (प्र, वि, आ ) ; प्रत्युदाहृ, “ to answer” (प्रति, उत्, ST). * The final i of the prepositions, fa, qft, fa, is optionally lengthened in forming certain nouns ; as, प्रतीकार, परीहास, नीकार. |