Imatges de pàgina
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tad karoti becomes tat karoli; vāg patih, vāk patih; kshudh pipāsā, kshut pipāsā. But as very few words in Sanscrit end in any other consonants than t and d, the nasals, Visargah, the dental sibilant s, and r, it will be sufficient for all practical purposes that the attention be confined to the changes of these consonants. To begin, therefore, with t and d.

CHANGES OF FINAL AND d.

General rule.

14. T becomes d before g, gh, d, dh, b, bh, h, y, r, v, and all vowels.* See example, rule 12.

*

D becomes t before k, kh, t, th, p, ph, s. rule 13.

See example,

Before the nasals, palatals, and the letter 1, final t and d undergo a change in form as well as quality, as in the following special rules.

Change of t or d to n, before n or m.

15. If t or d end a word when the next begins with a nasal, the tord is usually changed to its own nasal. Thus, tasmāt na becomes tasmān na; tasmāt mūrkha, tasmān mūrkha.

(वाक् मम ) would

† A final k is subject to a similar rnle. Thus, vāk mama (To become vūn-mama (lean).

Assimilation of t or d with ch, j, 1.

16. If t or d end a word when the next begins with ch, j, or l the tord assimilates with these letters. Thus, bhayat lobhat cha becomes bhayal lobhach cha; tad jīvanam, taj jīvanam.

Combination of t or d with sh.

17. If t or d end a word when the next begins with


sh, then

Before the vowels of terminations t remains unchanged; thus, the accusative

case of Harit is Haritam, not Haridam; and the third person singular of the verb yat is yatate, not yadate.

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t or dare changed to ch, and the initial sh to chh. tat shrutvā (तत् श्रुत्वा) becomes tach chhrutvā ( तच्छ्रुत्वा).

Combination of t or d with h.

Thus,

18. If a word end in t or d when the next begins withh, the final t is changed to d (by rule 12), and the initial

to dh.

ह् Thus, tad harati (तद् हरति ) is written tad dharati ( तद्धरति ). † By a similar rule, and on the same principle, are written words ending in k followed by initial; as vāk harati (alfa), vāg gharati (apuca).

CHANGES OF THE NASALS.

Changes of final n before vowels and before t, ch, sh, l. 19. If the lettern, preceded by a short vowel, end a word when the next begins with any vowel, the n is doubled. āsan atra becomes āsann atra; tasmin eva, tasminn eva.

Thus,

20. If n end a word when the next begins with t, ch, or their aspirates, a sibilant is inserted between the two words, according to the class of these last initial letters; and then is then expressed by Anuswara, according to rule (p. 5, †). Thus, asmin tu becomes asminstu (f); kasmin chit becomes kasminshchit (कस्मिंश्चित् ).

† If an end a word when the next begins with sh, they may either remain unchanged, or they may be combined in either one of the two following ways. 1st, the final न् may be changed to ài ; as, भवान् शूरः is written भवाञ्शूरः. 2dly, the may also be changed to; as,

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If न् end a word when the next begins with 1, the n assimilates with the l, and the mark is placed over the preceding vowel. As, pakshān lunāti is written पक्षाँलुनाति .

If the crude form of a word pound word, or before any affix. purusha; and

dhanitwa.

into

end in n, this n is rejected in forming a comThus, rājan purusha is compounded into rāja; and dhanin, with the affix twa, becomes

Change of ♬ n, not final, to ■n, after ri, r, șh, preceding in the same

21. The letters to the cerebral r.

word.

r, a sh, are cerebrals, and the vowel și is allied

Hence, if the letter n (not finai) should follow

ri, r, or sh, in the same word, the nasal must be written in the cerebral form n, even though k, g, p, b (or their aspirates), h, y, v, or m, should intervene. Thus, the English word carbonic would be written in the Sanscrit character thus, fu; and the accusative case of ब्रह्महन् is ब्रह्महणं; and the nominative plural of वर्मन् is वर्माणि ; and the imperative mood of क्षिप, क्षिपाणि. * But the intervention of a dental, palatal, or cerebral, or of any letter whatever, if compounded with the nasal, prevents the operation of this rule, and requires the dental n to follow. Thus, the instrumental case of शृगाल is शृगालेन ; the nominative plural of वर्त्मन्, f; and in further illustration of the same law, may be taken the words सर्जनं, क्रीडनं प्राप्नोति, राज्ञा.

22. If the letter

Changes of final m.

m end a word when the next begins with any consonant, it may be represented by Anuswara ('); or it may, optionally, before those consonants which have a corresponding nasal, be changed to this corresponding nasal. Thus, griham

gachchhati is written either गृहं गच्छति or गृहङ्गच्छति .

23. When the next word begins with a vowel, the letter म् is always written. Thus, griham āpnoti, чâfa.

CHANGES OF VISARGAH OR FINAL h.

Almost every nominative case, and nearly half the remaining cases of nouns in Sanscrit, besides many persons of the verb, end in Visargah (:), or the symbol used to denote the aspirate when final. And this final h is liable to remain unchanged, to be changed to s, to sh, to o, to r, or to be dropped altogether, according to the nature of the initial letter following. At every step, therefore, these changes will meet the student's eye. Therefore let him master the following five rules before he attempts to read a single sentence of Sanscrit, or he can never hope to make any real progress in the acquirement of this language.

* The letter is, properly, a compound of ☎k and ч sh; although, in this Grammar, it is considered as a simple letter, and represented by ksh.

RULE A. WHEN IS VISARGAH OR FINAL h UNCHANGED?

24. a. Before k, p (and their aspirates), and before the sibilants

स् 8, श् 8/.

b. Before a pause, i. e. at the end of a sentence, or when a word stands by itself.

25. a.

RULE B.

WHEN IS VISARGAH CHANGED TO म् S AND श् sh?

Before (and its aspirate) it is changed to the dental sibi-
lants; before ch (and its aspirate), to the palatal sibi-
स्
lant sh.*

b. Also in some books, before the sibilants,, Visargah is allowed to assimilate with these letters.

RULE C.-WHEN IS VISARGAH CHANGED TO 0?

26. a. Final ah is changed to o before all sonant consonants. b. Also before short a (this a being then cut off).

27.

a.

RULE D.—WHEN IS VISARGAH CHANGED TO r?

Ih, ih, uh, uh, eh, aih, oh, auh, before any sonant (consonant or vowel), change the final h to r;

b. Unless r itself be the sonant following, in which case, to avoid the coalition of two r's, final h is dropped, and the vowel preceding it (if short) is lengthened.

28. a.

RULE E.-WHEN IS VISARGAH DROPPED ALTOGETHER?

Final ah, before any other vowel except short a, drops the Visargah, and leaves the remaining a opening on the initial vowel of the next word without coalition.

b. Final ah, before any sonant (consonant or vowel), drops the Visargah; and, if the initial letter of the next word be a vowel, the remaining a is allowed to open upon it without coalition.

* So, also, before 7, 7, Visargah is changed to the cerebral sibilant ; as, रविष् टीकते.

By a special rule :, "he," and :, "this," the nominative cases of the pronouns तद् and , drop their Visargah before any consonant.

In the following Table the nominative cases Narah, “a man,” Narah, "men," and Harih, "Vishnu," joined with verbs, illustrate these rules at one view.

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29. The rules for the changes of Visargah apply equally to final sibilants. Thus, manas hara becomes manohara (as in c. a.); and chakshus vishaya, chakshur vishaya (as in D. a.);* and chetas, standing alone, is written chetah (^. b.).

* In a few compound words a final sibilant takes the cerebral form before k, as prādus krita become prādushkṛita. Similarly, a final r before k or p: as, nir with kranta, ni hkrānta; with putra, nishputra. See also r. 42, 43, and 131. 1.

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