CHAP. XII. faithful friend and admirer of Socrates,' but at the same time familiar with the Eleatic doctrine,2 Euclid made use of the latter to develope the Socratic philosophy as he understood it. He thus established a separate branch of the Socratic School,3 which continued to exist until the early part of the third century. Ichthyas" is named as his pupil and The story told by Gell., N. A. vi. 10, of his nightly visits to Athens is well known. It cannot, however, go for much, though not in itself improbable. On the contrary, it may be gathered from Plato's Theatet. 142, C. that Euclid constantly visited Socrates from Megara, and from the Phædo, 59, C. that he was present at his death. A further proof of his close connection with the followers of Socrates will be found in the fact (Diog. ii. 106; iii. 6) that Plato and other followers of Socrates stayed with him for a considerable time after the death of their master. He is usually spoken of as a disciple of Socrates, and has a place amongst his most distinguished disciples. 2 As may be gathered from his system with greater certainty than from Cic. and Diog. When Euclid became acquainted with the Eleatic Philosophy is uncertain. It is most probable that he was under its influence before he came under that of Socrates, although the story in Diog. ii. 30, is too uncertain to prove much. * The σχολὴ Εὐκλείδοι (for which the Cynic Diogenes in Diog. N. 34,substitutes Evrλeídov xoan), called Megarian or Eristic or Dialectic, Diog. ii. 106. Consult Deycks as to these names. He proves that the terms Eristic and Dialectic were not confined to the Megarian School. Compare Sextus Empiricus, who generally understands by Dialecticians, Stoics, for instance, Pyrrh. ii. 146, 166, 229, 235. 4 How early Euclid was at the head of a special circle of pupils, and whether he appeared formally as a Sophist, or like Socrates onlygraduallygathered about him men desirous to learn, we are not told. Perhaps the emigration of many followers of Socrates to Megara gave occasion for the establishment of this school. i. e., for the formation of a society, which at first moved about Euclid's house and person, busying itself with discussions. There is no ground for supposing that Plato and his friends removed to Megara, attracted by the fame of the School of Euclid, as Henne maintains, pp. 27 and 30. 5 Suid. Eukλeídns-Diog. ii. 112, only makes the general remark, that he belonged to the School of Euclid. 2 successor, respecting whom, however, nothing further 8 1 His name is still found in Diog. ii. 112; vi. 80 (Diogenes dedicated to him a dialogue called Ichthyas). Athen. viii. 335, a. 2 Of Miletus according to Diog. ii. 108. Whether he was the head of a school, or whether he was an immediate disciple of Euclid, we do not know. Diogenes only says, Ts 8 Εὐκλείδου διαδοχῆς ἐστι καὶ Εὐβ. 3 Compare Diog. ii. 108; Sext. Math. vii. 13. 4 Diog. ii. 109; Aristocles in Eus. Pr. Ev. xv. 2, 5; Athen. viii. 354, b. Themist. Or. xxiii. 285, c. From these passages it is seen that the attack of Eubulides was very violent, and not free from personal abuse. We also hear from Athen. x. 437 of a comedy of Eubulides. But he can hardly be the individual whose work on the Cynic Diogenes is quoted by Diog. vi. 20, 30. 5 The fact seems pretty well established (although it is conspicuously omitted by Plutarch in his life of Demosthenes), being not only attested by Diog. ii. 108; Pseudoplut. v. Dec. Orat. viii. 21; Apulei. De Mag. c. 15, p. 478; Suid. Anμoσlévns, and Phot. Cod. 265, but being also alluded to by the Comedian in Diog., who can hardly have called a bare acquaintance a disciple. According to Diog. ii. 121, a friend of Ichthyas, and a teacher of Stilpo's. 7 Suid. ZríλTwv, a pupil of Euclid, and the teacher of Pasicles. 8 A Thurian (according to Diog. ii. 112), and a teacher of Stilpo's son Bryso, Suid. Húßpwv, Diog. says he was the first to write on predicates, sentences, and such like. 9 According to Suid. Zríλπwv, a brother of the Cynic Crates, who had also Dioclides, a pupil of Euclid's, for teacher, and Stilpo for pupil. Diog. vi. 89, in calling Crates his brother and Euclid his teacher, probably confounded Euclid with Dioclides, unless this be the work of a transcriber and Διοκλείδον should be read for Εὐκλείδον. 10 Diog. ii. 111; Strabo, xiv. 2, 21, p. 658; xvii. 3, 22, p. 838. CHAP. XII. CHAP. XII. sharp-witted Diodorus Cronus,' and another of his pupils was Euphantus, known only to us as a poet and historian.2 All other members of this school were, however, thrown into the shade by Stilpo,3 a pupil of Thrasy 1 Diodorus, a native of Iasos in Caria, belongs to the most distinguished dialecticians of the Megarian School. Cic. De Fato, 6, 12, calls him 'valens dialecticus'; Sert. Math. i. διαλεκτικώτατος 309, Sext. and Diog. ii. 111, give two epigrams of Callimachus addressed to him. His fallacies and his researches into motion, and into hypothetical sentences, will be mentioned hereafter. Pique at a dialectical defeat inflicted by Stilpo at the table of Ptolemy Soter, is said to have killed him (Diog.; Plin. Hist. Nat. vii. 53, 180). He bequeathed his dialectic to his five daughters; Clem. Al. Strom. iv. 523, A.; Hieron. adv. Jovin. i. t. iv. 186. His nickname, Kronos, is differently explained by Strabo and Diog., and in modern times by Panzerbieter in Jahn's Jahrb. f. Philol. Supplement b. V. 223, f., who, however, does not explain it altogether satisfactorily. Consult, also, Steinhart in Ersch. und Gruber's Encyclop. Sec. i. B., 25, p. 286. 2 All we know of him is from Diog. ii. 110, who calls him the tutor of King Antigonus, and says that to Antigonus he addressed a book, πepì Baoiλeías. Athen. vi. 251 quotes an extract from the fourth book of his history, in which if he has not made a gross mistake, πрάTOV must be read for Tpírov. See Mallet, p. 96. Callicrates, also mentioned by Athenæus, is known from Diodor. xx. 21, as a favourite of Ptolemy Soter. Stilpo of Megara (Diog. ii. 113) must have lived until the end of the fourth century. At least he survived the capture of Megara by Ptolemy Lagi, and his defeat by Demetrius Poliorcetes, two events which happened 307 and 306 B.C. respectively, Diodor. xx. 37 and 45. On the former occasion the interview with Diodorus Cronus may have happened; for Stilpo never visited Egypt (Diog. 115). Since he died at an advanced age, we may approximately place his birth in 380, and his death in 300 B.C. Probably we ought to place the date of both later, for the notices about his pupils in Diog. ii. 113–120, Senec. Epist. 10, 1, lead us to believe that his activity was cotemporary with that of Theophrastus; and accordingly it cannot have begun long before the death of Aristotle. Suid. EUKλeld. calls him successor to Ichthyas. Some of the pupils of Euclid are mentioned as his teachers, and (Diog. ii. 113), in particular Thrasymachus. (Suid. Evкλeld. and TiλTO.) Even Euclid himself is named by some, but none of these machus. His spirited lectures made him an object of wonder to his cotemporaries, and the crowds who flocked from all sides to listen to them gained for the Megarian School a lustre such as it had not hitherto enjoyed. At the same time the development of their doctrine took with him a new turn, the principles of the Cynic School, into which Diogenes had initiated him, being incorporated with his own to such an extent, that doubts may be felt whether Stilpo rather belongs to the Cynics or to the Megarians.3 Thereby he became the immediate precursor of the Stoa, into which these two branches of the Socratic philosophy were carried over by his pupil Zeno.1 Other Megarians, however, continued faithful to the exclusively critical character of this School. Alexinus of Elis, a statements are probable. His character, as to which more will be said hereafter, is commended as upright, gentle, persevering, open, generous, and unselfish, Diog. ii. 117; Plut. Vit. Pud. c. 18, p. 536; adv. Col. 22, 1, p. 111, a. In early life dissipated, he entirely mastered this tendency by strength of will (Cic. De Fato, 5, 10). He also took part in public business, Diog. 114. Nine of his dialogues are mentioned by Diog. ii. 120. 1 Diog. ii. 113, exaggerates in saying, τοσοῦτον δ' εὑρεσιλογία καὶ σοφιστείᾳ προῆγε τοὺς ἄλλους, WOTE μIкpоù deñσal τãσaν Thy Ἑλλάδα ἀφορῶσαν εἰς αὐτὸν μεyapioa. He also mentions (119 and 115) the pupils, who joined him from other philosophers, and the universal admiration bestowed on him at Athens and 2 Diog. vi. 76. 3 The proof of this will be given later. 4 That Zeno was a pupil of Stilpo is stated by Diog. ii. 120; vii. 2, 24, on the authority of Heraclides. The same person is no doubt referred to in Diog. ii. 116, as Zeno the Phoenician. The founder of the Stoa is frequently called a Phoenician, Diog. vii. 15, 25, 30. In no case can it be Zeno of Sidon, the pupil of Apollodorus, as Mallet, p. 62, supposes, who was himself a pupil of Epicurus, and who, according to Diog. x. 25, vii. 35, continued faithful to Epicureanism. CHAP. XII. CHAP. cotemporary of Stilpo,' but somewhat younger, is notorious for his captiousness; and logical subtleties are recorded 2 of Philo, the pupil of Diodorus.3 Other Megarians of this and the following age are only known to us by name.* With the verbal criticism of 1 Diog. ii. 109, speaks of him as a pupil of Eubulides (μera δὲ ἄλλων ὄντων τῆς Εὐβουλίδου διαδοχῆς ̓Αλεξῖνος ἐγένετο Ηλεῖος). The age in which he lived can be approximately determined by his disputes with Stilpo (Plut. Vit. Pud. c. 18, p. 536); with Menedemus (Diog. ii. 135), and with Zeno, whose strongest opponent he was, Diog. ii. 109; Sext. Math. ix. 108; Plut. Comm. Not. 10, 3, p. 1063. He must have been younger than Stilpo, and have flourished in the first ten years of the third century. His love of contention and his malicious ways gained for him the nickname Exeytivos, Diog. Plut. Vit. Pud. 18; Aristotle in Eus. Pr. Eu. xv. 2, 4. We also learn from Hermippus in Diog. that he retired to Olympia in his last years, in order to establish a new school there. This place of abode not suiting his pupils, he remained there alone, but soon died of an injury. For his writings consult Diog. ii. 110; vii.163; Athen. xv. 696; Aristotle in Eus. 1. c. 2 Diog. vii. 16, a passage which does not appear so ambiguous as Ritter, Rh. Mus. ii. 30; Gesch. d. Phil. ii. 145, would have it, particularly when the subsequent accounts are taken into consideration. Diog. relates that Zeno of Cittium was fond of his society; Clemens, Stromat. iv. 523, and Jerome adv. Jov. i., quote from his • Menexenus the information already given respecting the daughters of Diodorus, whom he must then have spoken of in terms of praise. It is a clear mistake on the part of Jerome to make him the teacher of Carneades. Still stranger is Mallet's mistake, confounding the disputant Philo with Philo of Larissa, the founder of the fourth Academy. The latter lived some 150 to 200 years later. Nor can Philo be reckoned among the Stoics, although this has been done by Fabricius in Sext. Pyrrh. ii. 110, and by Prantl. Gesch. d. Logik, i. 404. 3 Diog. vii. 191, 194, mentions Philo's writings Tepl onμασιῶν, and περὶ τρόπων, against which Chrysippus wrote, without doubt meaning this Philo. To the same individual must be referred what Cic. Acad. ii. 47, 143, and Sext. Math. viii. 113, Pyrrh. ii. 110, say respecting his views of hypothetical sentences differring from those of Diodorus, and Alex. Aphi. in Anal. pr. 59, b, says respecting their differences in respect of the possible. By Diog. vii. 16, and Clemens he is surnamed & diaλEKTIKÓS. • A dialectician Panthoides, doubtless the same person as |