rial majesty has, indeed, been purely domestic: I have neither headed your armies, nor assisted at your councils. But you know, sir, (though there are some who do not seem to attend to it,) that a prince may be served in different ways, some more, others less conspicuous : and that the latter may be to him as valuable as the former.

"But what!" say my enemies, "shall a private person, of equestrian rank, and a provincial by birth, be advanced to an equality with the patricians? Shall an upstart, of no name nor family, rank with those who can, by the statues which make the ornament of their pa laces, reckon backward a line of ancestors, long enough to tire out the fasti? Shall a philosopher who has written for others precepts of moderation, and contempt of all that is external, himself live in affluence and luxury? Shall he purchase estates and lay out money at interest? Shall he build palaces, plant gardens, and adorn a coun try at his own expence, and for his own pleasure?"

Cæsar has given royally, as became imperial magnifi cence. Seneca has received what his prince bestowed; nor did he ever ask: he is only guilty of-not refusing. Cæsar's rank places him above the reach of invidious malignity. Seneca is not, nor can be, high enough to despise the envious. As the overloaded soldier, or tra veller, would be glad to be relieved of his burthen, so I, in this last stage of the journey of life, now that I find myself unequal to the lightest cares, beg, that Cæsar would kindly ease me of the trouble of my unwieldy wealth. I beseech him to restore to the imperial trea sury, from whence it came, what is to me superfluous and cumbrous. The time and the attention, which I am now obliged to bestow upon my villa and my gardens, I shall be glad to apply to the regulation of my mind. Cæsar is in the flower of life; long may he be equal to the toils of government! His goodness will grant to his worn-out servant leave to retire. It will not be derogatory from Cæsar's greatness, to have it said, that he bestowed favours on some, who, so far from being intoxicated with them, shewed-that they could be happy, when (at their own request) divested of them.

XXXIX. Invective of L. Junius Brutus against

CITIZENS,

Tarquinius.

My intention being to speak to you concerning necessary and glorious things, I shall first mention a few circumstances relating to myself: for to some, rather indeed to many of you, I am very well assured that I shall appear disordered in my understanding, when I, a man of an unsound mind, and who, as such, stand in need of a guardian, attempt to speak to matters of the greatest importance. Know then, that the general opinion you all entertained of me, as of a fool, was false, and contrived by me, and me alone. The fear of my life com pelled me to live in a manner derogatory both to my nature and condition, though agreeable to the desire of Tarquinius, and to my own security. For Tarquinius, having put my father to death at his accession to the government, that he might possess himself of his fortunes, which were very considerable; and having privately murdered my elder brother, who would have revenged his father's death if he had not been taken off, made it plain that he did not design to spare even myself, now left destitute of my nearest relations, if I had not counterfeited folly this disguise finding credit with the tyrant, saved me from the same treatment they had experienced, and has preserved me to this day; and having worn it five-and-twenty years, the time I wished for and expected, being come, I now, for the first time, throw it off. So much concerning myself.

As to the affairs of the public, in relation to which I called you together, this is the situation of them. Tarquinius, having possessed himself of the sovereignty, contrary to the laws and customs of this nation, which sovereignty, howsoever acquired, he has not exercised either with reputation, or in a manner suitable to the royal dignity; but has surpassed, in haughtiness and excess, all the tyrants the world ever saw; we, the patricians assembled for that purpose, have resolved to deprive him of his dignity: this ought to have been done long ago; but having now a proper opportunity to effect it, we have called you together, citizens, to the end that, after we

have declared our own resolution, we may desire your assistance in giving liberty to our country, which we have not hitherto been able to enjoy, since Tarquinius usurped the sovereignty: neither shall we hereafter enjoy it, if, upon this occasion, we want resolution. Had I as much time as I could wish, or was to speak to those who were unacquainted with the many acts of injustice the tyrant has been guilty of, I would enumerate them all, in order to convince every one of you that he has deserved, not only one, but many deaths: but, since the time afforded me by the present situation of affairs, is short, in which few things are to be said, and many to be done, and that I am speaking to those who are acquainted with his actions, I shall put you in mind of those only that are the most considerable, and the most obvious, and admit not of the least excuse.

This is that Tarquinius, citizens, this is the man, who, before he was in possession of the sovereignty, destroyed his own brother Aruns, by poison, because he would not be wicked; in which crime he was assisted by his brother's wife, the sister of his own, whom this enemy of the gods had long before debauched: this is the man, who at the same time, and by the same poison, took off his wife, a woman of virtue, and a parent of their common children, and did not even vouchsafe to disown the imputation of both these poisonings by a mourning habit, and a short affectation of grief; but presently after he had performed these wonderful achievements, and before the fires which had received their miserable bodies were extinguished, he gave an entertainment to his friends, celebrated his nuptials, and, leading the murderess of her husband, as a bride, to the bed of her sister, performed the abominable contract he had made with her; and was the first, and the only man, who ever introduced into the -city of Rome such impious and execrable crimes, un- . known to any nation in the world, either Greeks or Barbarians. But, in how infamous and dreadful a man ́ner did he treat both his father and mother-in-law, when already near their end! He murdered Servius Tullius publicly, the mildest of all your kings, the greatest benefactor to you; and would not suffer his body to be honoured with the customary rites either of a funeral, or of burial; and Tarquinia, the wife of Tullius, whom, as she

was the sister of his father, and had always shewn great tenderness for him, he was obliged in duty to honour as his mother, he caused to be strangled, in a miserable manner, without allowing her time to mourn her dead husband, or perform the customary sacrifices for him, when buried: thus he treated those, by whom he was preserved, by whom he was educated; and whom, after their death, he was to have succeeded, if he had staid but a short time, till nature had put an end to their lives.

But why do I censure these excesses, when I have so many others to accuse him of, (besides those he has been guilty of to his relations, and to his father and mother-in-law,) which he has committed against his country, and against us all?-if they ought to be called excesses, and not the subversion and extinction of all nations and all families. First, as to the sovereignty, that I may begin with that; how did he obtain it? Did he in this follow the example of the former kings? Far from it. They were all advanced to the sovereignty by us, according to the laws and customs of this nation; first by a decree of the senate, where, by our constitution, all resolutions concerning the public affairs must first be taken; then by the crea tion of the interreges, to whom the senate grants the power of distinguishing among those who are worthy; and, after both these, by a vote of the people in their election of magistrates, from which vote the law requires that all affairs of the greatest moment should receive their sanction; and, in the last place, by the approbation of the auguries, without which, human diligence and which of knows Yoresight are of no avail. But any one of these things to have been observed, when Tarquinius obtained the sovereignty? What previous order of the senate? What nomination of the interreges? What vote of the people? What favourable auguries? I do not ask whether all these were observed; (though it was necessary to a regular election that nothing founded either in custom or in law, should be omitted;) but, if it can be shewn that any one of them was observed, I will be contented not to insist upon those that were omitted. How, then, did he acquire the sove reignty? By arms, by violence, and the conspiracies of

say

you

wicked men, according to the custom of tyrants; and drew from you, instead of your consent, your indignation. But, after he had possessed himself of the sove reignty, howsoever acquired, did he use it in a manner becoming a king, in imitation of his predecessors, the whole tenor of whose words and actions tended to ag grandize the city, and leave it more flourishing to poste rity than they themselves had received it? What man in his senses can say this, when he sees in how miserable and cruel a manner we have all been treated!

I shall say nothing of the calamities we, who are pas tricians, suffer, which even our enemies could not hear without tears; since, from a numerous body, we are re duced to a few; from splendour to obscurity; and from affluent prosperity, to poverty, and extreme want. Of all those illustrious men, those formidable warriors, and great statesmen, by whose means our city once flou rished, some are put to death, and others banished. But what is your condition, plebeians? Has not Tarquinius taken away your laws? Has he not abolished your meetings, on account of religion and sacrifices? Ilas he not put an end to your elections of magistrates, to your right of voting, and to your assemblies for the affairs of the public? Does he not force you, like ? slaves pur chased with money, to labour in a shameful manner, to cut stones, saw timber, carry burthens, and waste your strength in deep pits and subterraneous caverns, without allowing you the least respite from your miseries? What, then, will be the end of our calamities? How long shall we submit to these things? And when shall we recover our native liberty? When Tarquinius dies? To be sure! Shall we be in a better condition then? Shall we not be in a worse? for, instead of one Tarqui nius, we shall have three; all far more abominable than their father. Since he, who, from a private man, be came a tyrant, and began late to be wicked, is a perfect master in all tyrannical mischief; what kind of men may we expect these will prove, who are sprung from him; whose race is wicked, whose education is wicked, and who never had an opportunity of seeing or hearing any action that had the appearance of liberty or moderation? To this end, therefore, you may not guess at their ac cursed natures, but know with certainty what kind of