years of age? Lay aside, then, the affectation of your shameless questions, and cease, at last, to be an ill man. However, if you have any reasons to alledge against what I have said, I am ready to leave the determination of our contest to these who are present, than whom you can find none in the city better qualified to decide it. But if, from this tribunal, you fly (as it is customary with you) to the rabble you have deluded, I will not suffer it; for I am prepared, not only to defend my cause by my words, but, if these fail to convince you, to support it by my actions.

XVIII. The reply of Servius Tullus to Tarquinius Superbus.

It seems, fathers, that, as a man, I ought to expect every thing, however extraordinary; and to look upon nothing as strange, since Tarquinius desires to dethrone even me, who received him when he was an infant; and, when his enemies were forming designs against his life, preserved him, and brought him up; and, when he came to be a man, honoured him so far as to make him my son-in-law; and designed to make him heir to all my fortunes at my death: but, since every thing has happened to me contrary to my expectation, and that I myself am accused of having wronged him, I shall afterwards lament my own misfortune, and at present plead my cause against him. I took upon myself, Tarqui nius, the guardianship of your brother, and of yourself, when you were left infants, not voluntarily, but compelled to it by the situation of affairs; since those who claimed the kingdom, had openly assassinated your grandfather, and were said to form secret designs both against you, and the rest of his relations; and all your friends acknowledged that, if once they got the power into their hands, they would not have left even one branch of the Tarquinian family alive: neither was there any other person to take care of, and guard you against their enterprises, but a woman, the mother of your fa ther; and she, by reason of her great age, stood herself in need of other guardians: so that I was the only person

left to take care of you in your destitute condition, though you now call me a stranger, and in no degree related to your family. However, by taking upon my self the conduct of your affairs, though in this situation, I not only brought the assassins of your grandfather tơ punishment, and bred you up till you were men; but, as I had no heirs male, designed to leave you all my for. tunes. You have now, Tarquinius, the account of my guardianship, and you will not pretend to say that any part of it is misrepresented.

Concerning the royal dignity, since this is the point you accuse me of, learn by what means I obtained it; and for what reasons I shall resign it neither to you, nor to any other person. When I took upon myself the government of the city, finding there were some designs forming against me, I desired to surrender it to the peo ple, and, having assembled them all together, I offered to resign the government to them; preferring a quiet life, free from danger, to this envied sovereignty, the source of greater pains than pleasures. But the Romans would not suffer me to execute my design; neither did they think fit to place the government in any other hands, but continued it in mine; and, by their votes, conferred the royal dignity on me; a dignity which belonged to them, Tarquinius, not to you; in the same manner as they conferred the same dignity upon your grandfather, who was a foreigner, and in no degree related to the king, his predecessor; though Ancus Marcius, the former king, left sons then in the vigour of their age; not grandchildren and infants, as you and your brother were left by Tarquinius. But if it were a general law that the heirs to the possessions and fortunes of deceased kings, should also be heirs to their dignities, Tarquinius, your grandfather, would not have succeeded to the sovereignty upon the death of Ancus, but the elder of his sons. However, the people of Rome did not call the heir of the father, but the person who was worthy of the command, to reign over them: for they looked upon the private fortunes to belong to those who had acquired them, but the royal dignity to those who had conferred it; and that the former, upon the death of the persons in possession, ought to descend to such as are intitled to them, either by their relation to, or the

will of, the deceased; but that the latter, when the persons who received it die, returns to those who gave it. Unless you have any thing of this kind to alledge, that your grandfather received the sovereignty upon certain conditions; as, that he should not be deprived of the possession of it himself, and have power to leave it to you, who are his grandsons; and that the people should not have the right to take it from you, and confer it upon me: if you have any such thing to alledge, why do you not produce the contract? However, this you cannot say. But, if I did not obtain the power in the most justifiable manner, as you say, having neither been elected by the Interreges, nor received the administration from the senate, and that other things required by the law were not observed; if this is so, I wrong these, not you; and deserve to be dethroned by them, not by you: but the truth is, I wrong neither these, nor any one else. The length of my reign, which has now lasted forty-four years, witnesses that the power was both then justly given to me, and is now justly vested in me; du. ring which time none of the Romans ever thought I reigned unjustly, neither did the people or the senate ever endeavour to dethrone me.

But, to omit these things, and give an answer to what you alledge: if I had deprived you of the power that was deposited in my hands by your grandfather, in trust for you, and, contrary to all the established rules of jus tice, had withheld your kingdom from you, you ought to have applied yourself to those who conferred the power on me, and to have vented your indignation and reproaches both against me, for continuing in the possession of it, when it did not belong to me; and against them, for having conferred on me a power that belonged to others: for you would easily have prevailed on them to do you justice, if you could have shewn you had a right. However, if you could not confide in such an allegation, but were of opinion that I governed unjustly, and that you were a fitter person to be intrusted with the care of the commonwealth, you ought to have done this; to have enquired into the errors of my government, to have displayed the number of your own actions, and to have summoned me to a decision of the contest: none of which you did. But, after so great a length of time,

as if recovered from a long fit of drunkenness, you come now to accuse me; and, even now, you accuse me in an improper place: for here you ought not to alledge these things (I desire, fathers, you will not be offended at what I have said; for it was only with a view of expos ing his calumay, not of infringing your jurisdiction)— but you ought to have desired me to call an assembly of the people, and there to have accused me. However,

since you have declined this, I will do it for you; and, having called the people together, I will appoint them judges of the crimes you accuse me of; and, again, leave it to them to determine which of us two is the fittest person to govern; and whatever they shall unanimously order me to do, I shall submit to. This is a sufficient answer to his allegations; since the effect of many, or few reasons, when urged against unreasonable adver saries, is the same: for words cannot persuade them to be just.

But I am surprised, fathers, to find any of your number desirous to dethrone me, and conspiring with this man against me: I would willingly enquire of them what injury provokes them to attack me, and what actions of mine they are offended at? Is it because they know that great numbers, during my reign, have been put to death without a trial, banished their country, deprived of their fortunes, or involved in any other undeserved calamity? Or, having none of these tyrannical crimes to accuse me of, are they acquainted with any abuses I have been guilty of to married women, or insults on their maiden daughters, or any other flagitious attempt upon the person of a freeman? If I have been guilty of any of these crimes, I deserve to be deprived, at the same time, both of my dignity, and of my life. But I am proud, above measure; and, by being grievous to my subjects, am become odious to them; so that none of them can bear the arrogance of my administration. Which of my predecessors ever used his power with the same moderation I have used mine, who have treated all my subjects with the same benevolence an indulgent father shews to his own children; who have even lessened the power you gave me, which was the same your ances tors successively conferred on former king; and have appointed laws, which you all confirmed, relating to

matters of the greatest consequence, by which I granted to you the privilege of doing justice to, and of receiving it from one another: and to these rules, which I prescribed to others, you saw me, like a private person, first yield obedience: neither have I made myself the judge of all sorts of crimes; but those of a private nature I submitted to your jurisdiction, which was never done by any of the former kings. By this it appears, that no crime has drawn upon me the ill-will of some people; but that the benefits I have conferred on the plebeians excite your unjust resentment; concerning which I have often given you my reasons, so that there is no necessity for me to repeat them. If you are of opinion that this man, when invested with the power, will administer it better than myself, I shall not envy the commonwealth a better governor: and, after I have surrendered the sovereignty to the people, from whom I received it, and am become a private person, I shall endeavour to make it appear to all the world, that I know both how to command with prudence, and how to obey with modesty.

XIX. Cicero's oration for Milo.

PART I.

THOUGH, my lords, I am apprehensive, that, when I enter upon the defence of a brave man, it may be thought mean to betray any symptoms of cowardice, or to be unable to support my pleading with a dignity of courage equal to that of Titus Annius Milo, who is less concerned about his own fate than that of his country, yet am I dismayed with this unusual pomp of justice, this unprecedented array of terror: my eyes, in vain, on all sides, search for the venerable forms and ancient ap. pearances of the forum; your bench is environed with attendants, and the bar with guards, hitherto unknown at a Roman trial.

For these troops, which stand before all the temples, however they are meant to overawe violence, strike ter ror into the pleader; and though the guards, with which