55. Livelihood. Liveliness, vivacity, animation. Cf. V. and A. 26: "The precedent of pith and livelihood;" and A. W. i. 1. 58: "the tyranny of her sorrows takes all livelihood from her cheek." These are the only instances of the word in S. Here the quartos have "likelihood," which many editors retain, making it=semblance, appearance. Mr. W. N. Lettsom says that "livelihood scarcely accords with 'love or hate' above;" but it accords perfectly with looks cheerfully and smooth and such spirit. The main point in what Hastings says is that something seems to please Gloster; the added remark that no man can lesser hide his feelings, whether of love or hate, being secondary or incidental. It is true that S. elsewhere uses likelihood in the sense of sign or indication (as in A. W. i. 3. 128: "many likelihoods informed me of this before," etc.), but here livelihood seems to us the more expressive word. It is adopted by K., W., Halliwell, and others. After this line, the quartos insert the speech "Dar. I pray God he be not, I say." It is retained by some of the editors.

57. For were he, etc.

See p. 170 above.
See p. 27 above.

58. I pray you all, etc. 75. Off with his head! 77. Lovel and Ratcliff. The names are found only in the folio. As Ratcliff, according to the preceding scene, which is on the same day, was at Pomfret, he could not be present here. Theo. therefore changed Ratcliff to Catesby;" but in the next scene, while he makes Lovel and Catesby bring in the head of Hastings, he allows Gloster, just before their entrance, to say Catesby, o'erlook the walls." K. remarks: "This is one of those positions in which the poet has trusted to the imagination of his audience rather than to their topographical knowledge."

80. Fond. Foolish. See on iii. 2. 26 above.

83. Foot-cloth horse. A horse with a foot-cloth, or housings. Cf. 2 Hen. VI. iv. 7. 51:

"Cade. Thou dost ride in a foot-cloth, dost thou not?

"Say. What of that?

"Cade. Marry, thou oughtest not to let thy horse wear a cloak, when honester men than thou go in their hose and doublets."

Steevens quotes The Legend of Lord Hastings, 1563:

"My palfrey in the playnest paved streete,

Thryse bow'd his boanes, thryse kneled on the flower,
Thryse shonnd (as Balams asse) the dreaded tower.'

On stumbling as a bad omen, see R. and J. p. 216, note on Stumbled at graves.

88. Triumphing. Usually accented, as here, on the second syllable. See Hen. IV. p. 200.

92. Is lighted. Has descended. See F. C. p. 182, note on Now some light. In Per. iv. 2. 77, the participle is light.

etc.

94. Shrift. Confession; as in R. and J. i. 1. 165 : "To hear true shrift," See also p. 171 above.

101-104. Come, come, etc.

These lines are not in the quartos.

103. Fearfull'st. On contracted superlatives in S., see Gr. 473.

SCENE V.-Enter GLOSTER and BUCKINGHAM, in rotten armour, etc. This is according to the stage-direction in the folio, which reads: "Enter Richard, and Buckingham, in rotten Armour, maruellous ill-fauored." The modern eds. generally change rotten to "rusty." See p. 173 above.

4. Distraught. Distracted; used by S. only here and in R. and F. iv. 3. 49 (see our ed. p. 206). Sly corrupts the word into bestraught in T. of S. ind. 2. 26.

5. Tut, I can, etc. The quartos read: "Tut feare not me. I can," etc. They omit line 7.

Clarke remarks: "This conceit of Buckingham's in his own powers of acting and feigning comes with almost a comic effect as displayed to Richard's very self, and played upon by him with a demure affectation of belief in its existence, while turning it to his own purposes." See on ii. 2. 152 above.

8. Intending. Pretending. Cf. Much Ado, ii. 2. 35: “intend a kind of zeal both to the Prince and Claudio." See also iii. 7. 44 below. 9. Enforced. Forced, counterfeited; as in 7. C. iv. 2. 21:

"When love begins to sicken and decay,

It useth an enforced ceremony."

10-20. In the first quarto the passage stands thus:

"And both are ready in their offices

To grace my stratagems.

"Glo. Here comes the Maior.

Buc. Let me alone to entertaine him. Lo: Maior,
"Glo. Looke to the drawbridge there.
"Buc. The reason we have sent for

you.

Enter Maior.

"Glo. Catesby ouerlooke the wals.
"Buck. Harke, I heare a drumme.

"Glo. Looke backe, defend thee, here are enemies.
Buc. God and our innocence defend vs.
"Glo. O, O, be quiet, it is Catesby.

Enter Catesby with Hast. head."

24. The plainest harmless. Probably an instance of the omission of the superlative inflection with one of a pair of adjectives. Cf. M. for M. iv. 6. 13: "The generous and gravest citizens;" M. of V. iii. 2. 295: “The best condition'd and unwearied spirit" (that is, most unwearied), etc. See Gr. 398. Abbott, however, is inclined to read "plainest-harmless" (Gr. 2). Cf. 32 below.

25. Christian. A trisyllable. Gr. 479.

26. Book. That is, "table-book" (W. T. iv. 4. 610 and Ham. ii, 2. 136) or note-book. Cf. Cor. v. 2. 15: "The book of his good acts;" and see Id. iii. 1. 293, etc.

29. Apparent. Evident, manifest. See on ii. 2. 130 above.

30. Conversation. Intercourse; as in Ham. iii. 2. 60, Cymb. i. 4. 113, etc. 31. Attainder. Taint, stain. Cf. Rich. II. iv. 1. 24: "the attainder of his slanderous lips," etc. Suspect suspicion; as in i. 3. 89 above.

34. Almost. Hardly, even. Cf. K. John, iv. 3. 43: "Or do you almost think, although you see," etc.

43. Extreme. The adjective is accented by S. on the first syllable, except in Sonn. 129. 4, 10 (Schmidt).

45. Enforc'd. Forced, constrained. Cf. 9 above.

46. Fair befall you. Cf. i. 3. 282 above.

54. Hath. Pope's correction of the "have" of the early eds., which may be what S. wrote. Such "confusions of construction " (cf. Gr. 412) are not uncommon in the plays.

62. As well as I. That is, as well as if I, etc. Cf. Macb. i. 4. 11: “As 't were a careless trifle," etc.

Gr. 107.

68. But since. The quarto reading; the folios misprint "Which since." Too late of too late for. Gr. 173 or 174 (Abbott puts it under Gr. 166). 71. Go, after, after. Not "Go after, after;" as sometimes pointed. The after is itself an imperative follow. Cf. Rich. II. v. 2. III: "After, Aumerle;" Ham. iv. 2. 33: " and all after," etc.

72. In all post. In all haste, or post-haste. See R. and J. p. 218, note on In post.

73. Meet'st. Most fitting or convenient. See on iii. 4. 103 above. 74. Infer. Bring in, allege; as in iii. 7. 12, 32, iv. 4. 345, v. 3. 315 below. See also T. of A. iii. 5. 73: " 't is inferr'd to us

His days are foul and his drink dangerous."

75. A citizen. "This person was one Walker, a substantial citizen and grocer at the Crown in Cheapside" (Grey). These accusations against Edward were all contained in the petition presented to Richard before his accession, and were afterwards embodied in an act of Parliament (Blakeway.)

79. Luxury. Lasciviousness, lust; the only meaning in S. See Hen. V. p. 166 or Ham. p. 196.

80. Change. Changing humour, capriciousness. Cf. Cymb. ii. 5. 25: "change of prides," etc.

82. Raging. The quartos have "lustful," and "listed" for lusted in the

next line.

86. Insatiate. The quartos have "unsatiate." In iii. 7. 7 below, the folios have “unsatiate” and the quartos "insatiate.” Cf. W. T. p. 177 (note on Incertainties) or K. John, p. 143 (note on Infortunate). Gr. 442. 92. Sparingly. Cf. Hen. V. i. 2.239:

"Or shall we sparingly show you far off

The Dauphin's meaning and our embassy?"

97. Baynard's Castle. This old feudal mansion, "so called of Baynard, a nobleman that came in with William the Conqueror," stood on the Thames, a little below the present Blackfriars Bridge and just above St. Paul's Pier, where Castle Baynard Dock now is. Maud Fitzwalter, to whom King John paid his unwelcome addresses, was a daughter of "the Lord of Castle Baynard." Humphrey Duke of Gloucester built a palace on the site of the original Castle Baynard, and this is the building referred to by S. Lady Jane Grey was here proclaimed queen in 1553; and Anne, "Dorset, Pembroke, and Montgomery," afterwards lived here while her husband was residing at the Cockpit in Whitehall. The mansion was destroyed in the Great Fire of 1666.*

H., Lawson, and others follow Steevens in saying that the mansion was "pulled down," and they seem to suppose that it was the original "castle" of the Conqueror's time which was occupied by Richard.

102-104. These lines are not in the quartos. Doctor Shaw was brother to the Lord Mayor, Edmund Shaw; and Friar Penker was a provincial of the Augustine Friars. Both were popular preachers and were employed by Richard to support his claim to the crown. Penker is "Peuker" in the 1st folio, "Reuker" in the 2d, and "Beuker" in the 3d and 4th; corrected by Capell.

105. To take some privy order. For take order give orders, see 2 Hen. IV. p. 177 or Oth. p. 206. Cf. iv. 2. 52 below.

106. The brats of Clarence. These were Edward Earl of Warwick, who was beheaded by Henry VII. in 1499, and Margaret, afterwards the wife of Sir Richard Pole, the last princess of the House of Lancaster. She was put to death at the age of seventy by Henry VIII. in 1540 (Malone).

107. Manner person. The reading of the 3d and 4th quartos and the folios; the other quartos have "manner of person." Manner person was an idiom of the time, and S. may have used it here. Cf. Rev. xviii. 12.

SCENE VI.-Enter a Scrivener. A scrivener was a professional scribe, or writer of legal documents. Cf. T. of S. iv. 4. 59: “My boy shall fetch the scrivener presently" (that is, to write the marriage contract).

There is hardly a line of this speech in which the quarto and folio readings do not differ; but the variations are not worth recording, except perhaps "blind" for the folio bold in 12 (W.).

3. In Paul's. That is, in Old St. Paul's Cathedral. See 2 Hen. IV. p. 154, and cf. i. 2. 30 above. Lawson takes Paul's here to be "St. Paul's Cross, where a pulpit was erected from which the citizens of London were addressed on important occasions."

7. Precedent. The first draft, from which this copy was engrossed. 9. Untainted. Unaccused.

=

10. A good world the while. See on ii. 3. 8 above. Gross dull, stupid; as in W. T. i. 2. 301, etc.

12. In thought. "That is, in silence, without notice or detection" (Johnson).

SCENE VII.-1. How now, how now? The quartos have "How now, my lord?"

5. Contract. The noun is accented by S. on either syllable, the verb only on the second.

Lady Lucy was Elizabeth Lucy, the daughter of one Wyat, and the wife of one Lucy, who had been a mistress of the king before his marriage. In order to prevent this marriage, his mother alleged that there was a contract between him and dame Lucy; but on being sworn to speak the truth she declared that the king had not been affianced to her, though she admitted his intimacy with her (Malone).

12. Infer. See on iii. 5. 74 above.

13. Idea. Image; as in Much Ado, iv. 1. 226, and L. L. L. iv. 2. 69, the only other instances of the word in S.

24. They spake not a word. These words are not in the quartos. 25. Statuas. The word is "statues" in all the early eds. ; but as the Latin form of the word was in use in the poet's time, the majority of the editors follow Reed and Steevens in adopting it here. See also J. C. p. 152, note on She dream'd to-night she saw my statua.

Breathing is the reading of the 1st and 2d quartos and the folios; the other quartos have "breathlesse." Rowe substituted "unbreathing;" but the meaning obviously is, they were silent as statues though they had breath and might have spoken (Malone).

30. Recorder. According to Walker the accent is on the first syllable, but this is doubtful. See Gr. 492.

37. And thus, etc. This line is not in the quartos. Vantage=advantage; as in i. 3. 310 above and v. 2. 22, v. 3. 15 below.

42, 43. What tongueless blocks, etc. Between these two lines the quartos insert "Buck. No, by my troth, my lord."

44. Intend.

Pretend. See on iii. 5. 8 above.

48. Ground... descant. These are musical terms: the former signifying the "plain-song" or theme; the latter, the adding of other parts thereto. W., in a note on T. G. of V. i. 2. 94, quotes Morley, Plaine and