The Second Law: An Introduction to Classical and Statistical Thermodynamics

absolute temperature acid adiabatic AEwt aragonite AStotal atoms Boltzmann's cal/deg cal/deg-mole cal/mole calculated calories chemical system concentration configurational entropy constant volume decreases dissociation electron energy change energy levels enthalpy entropy change equal equation equilibrium constant equilibrium with respect escaping tendency example excited expression free energy free energy curve freezing gases H₂O H₂O(liq H₂O+ H3O+ heat capacity heat engine high temperatures hydrochloric acid hydrogen ideal gas increases ions isothermal expansion liquid phase liquid water logarithm low temperatures mechanical microstates molar entropy molar free energy mole molecules monoclinic motion n₁ N₂ occur oscillators oxygen partial pressure particles potential energy Problems for Chapter produced protons quantity Raoult's Law reactants reaction H₂ reversible Second Law solid solution solvent spontaneously substance substance's T₁ T₂ term thermal energy thermal surroundings thermodynamic total entropy universe V₁ vapor pressure vibrational weight zero ΔΕ ΔΗ