66 THESE ARE THE ARTS WHICH KEEP THE MASS OF THE PEOPLE IN USEFUL ACTION, AND THEIR MINDS ENGAGED UPON INVENTIONS BENEFICIAL ΤΟ THE WHOLE COMMUNITY; AND THIS IS THE GRAND PRESERVATIVE AGAINST THAT BARBARISM AND BRUTALITY WHICH EVER ATTEND AN INDOLENT AND INACTIVE STUPIDITY. THE DUE CULTIVATION, THEREFORE, OF PRACTICAL MANUAL ARTS IN A NATION, HAS A GREATER TENDENCY TO POLISH AND HUMANISE MANKIND, THAN MERE speCULATIVE SCIENCE, HOWEVER REFINED AND SUBLIME IT MAY

BE.

"

POSTLETHWAYTE'S DICT. OF TRADE AND COMMERCE, voce ARTISAN.

Printed for Tungman, Rees. Orme, Brown & Green: Paternoster Row.

and John Taylor Upper Gower Street.

1831.

CYTILOKMIY

CONTENTS.

CHAP. I.

INTRODUCTION.

Primary Existence of Metals.-Early Traces of their Presence. — Acci-

dental Causes of Fusion. - First Metallurgists. Copper, Iron, and

Steel. Discoveries of Virgin and Meteoric Masses.- Iron and Steel,

whether known to the Hebrews, Greeks, and Romans. Ancient Me-

thods of preparing Steel.

-

Page 1

CHAP. II.

IRON WORKS IN ENGLAND.

Early Iron Works in Britain.

-

-

Cæsar's Statement. - Sites of ancient

Forges. Sussex, Gloucestershire, Furness, Hallamshire. - Reliquiæ

Eboracenses. -Vicissitudes of the Arts under the Romans, Picts, and

Saxons. - Respect paid to the Smith of ancient Times. - Traditions of

early Manufactures. - Dr. Pearson's Characteristics of Iron, Steel, and

Pig Metal,

15

CHAP. III.

SMELTING.

-

Sow or Pig Metal. - Hypothesis of Smelting. Indications of ancient

Bloomaries.- Method of making Iron at Cuckfield in Essex, in the Se-

venteenth Century. Evelyn's Execration of Iron Mills. Effects of

substituting Pit-Coal for Wood-Fuel. - Modern Seats of the Iron Manu-

facture in England. -Native Ores. Coking. The Blast Furnace.-

Blowing Machinery.

-

-

27

CHAP. IV.

CAST-IRON FOUNDERY.

Casting Iron Articles. Founding and Boring Cannon, Pipes, or Cylin-

ders. Fatal Catastrophe.-Cast-Iron Road Rails. Bridges.. - Sun-

derland Bridge.—Southwark Bridge. -Cast-Iron Masonry. - Pillars.

Foundery Goods.

Universal Value of Iron. - Conjectures as to the first Method of obtaining

Malleable Iron. - Process formerly pursued at Cuckfield in Sussex. — In

Sweden and Russia. - Introduction and Success of Puddling in England.

-The old Iron Forge. The Metal Helve.

78

CHAP. VI.

ANVILS. ANCHORS.

Various kinds of Anvils. Improved Anvil. - Method of Heating, Forg-

ing, and Hardening. - Stocks. Anchors. Different Sizes and Quali

ties. Hawke's Patent. Cort. - Stuard's Single-Armed. - Hemman's

Mooring Block. - Mushroom Anchors

-

CHAP. VII.

-

Page 89

- Principles and Degree of Tenacity. -

The Menai Suspension Bridge. Hammer-

smith Bridge.-Suspension Railways

-

102

CHAP. VIII.

ROLLING-IRON. BOILER PLATES. MISCELLANEOUS ARTICLES.

Mr. Cort's Patent for Manufacturing Iron by Rolling.-Rollers used at the

Puddling Furnace. - Iron Trade and Manufacture in France and Ame-

rica. - United States' Iron Works. - Cambreleng's Report. -

Plates.Sheet Iron Boats, Furniture, and Coffins

CHAP. IX.

IRON PLATING, AND ROAD RAILS.

-

Boiler

122

Spades and Shovels. Plantation Tools. — Grooved Rollers.-Faggot Iron.

-Comparison of Hammered and Rolled Iron.-Slitting.-Iron Tubes.-

Iron Road Rails. - Birkinshaw's Patent. - Stephenson's Report. Li-

verpool and Manchester Railway.

-

139

СНАР. Х.

BLACKSMITHS' WORK.

Ancient and Modern Blacksmiths.

-

-

Substitutions of Iron for Wood.-

Ploughs, Axletrees, and Wheel Tire. -Celebrated Blacksmiths. -Single,

Double, and Circular Bellows. Tew-Irons. — Horse-shoes, Hoops, and

Nails. Patent Shoes. Military Forges.

-

CHAP. XI.

CHAINS.

155

-

Various Descriptions of Chains. - Method of Welding Iron Links

Knotted Trace Chains. -Pit Chains. Hawks, Brunton, Brown, and

Acraman's Chain Cables. - Advantages of Chain Cables. Sowerby

and Gladstone's Chains. - - Comparative Estimate of Chains and

Ropes.

179

Birmingham Nail Makers. Mr. Spencer's Forge. Tools.-Feats.-

Contrivances of Nail Makers.- Rolled Nails, Nuts and Screws,