BLUEISH MUGWORT. Sea shores. Near Boston, Lincolnshire; (Mr. Tofield, Hudson; but not found there by any one else, and there seems equal reason to doubt whether the stations named by Gerard, viz. about Rye and Winchelsea Castle, and near Portsmouth, are now productive of the plant. E.) P. Aug. GNAPHA'LIUM.* Receptacle naked: Down hair-like or feathery: Calyx tiled, membranous: Scales coloured at the edge.

(1) Herbaceous; yellow-flowered.

G. LU'TEO-ALBUM. Leaves sword-shaped, half-embracing the stem, waved at the edge, blunt, downy on both sides: flowers

crowded.

Dicks. H. S.-(E. Bot. 1002. E.)—Kniph. 1—Pluk. 31. 6-Barr, 367— J. B. iii. a. 160. 2-Pet. 18. 5-Ger. 522. 3-Clus. i. 329. 1-Ger. Em. 643. 13-Park. 686. 6-H. Ox. vii. 11, row 2, f. 3-Lob. Ic. i. 485. 2— Park. 688. 9.

(Stems six to twelve inches high, spreading at the base, then upright, undivided, leafy, cylindrical, bearing broad-topped spikes, many-flowered. Flowers terminal, crowded together, thickly woolly at the base. Fl. Brit. E.) Plant covered with white cottony down. Calyx yellowish white, soft: scales egg-spear-shaped. Florets of the circumference numerous, often tinged with red.

JERSEY CUDWEED. EVERLASTING. Dry banks and walls in the island of Jersey, very common. Ray. Sea coast of Wales. Gerard. West sea coasts. Parkinson. A mile above the first of Bognor rocks. Blackstone. Mr. Relhan has lately found this uncommon plant in the road between Hanxtown and Little Shelford, Cambridgeshire, certainly wild, and also in a gravel pit in the same neighbourhood. E.) A. July-Aug.

(2) Herbaceous; white-flowered.

G. MARGARITA CEUM. Leaves strap-spear-shaped, tapering, alternate, (cottony on both sides, densely so beneath: E.) stem branched towards the top: flowers in a corymb.

(E. Bot. 2018. E.)-Munt. 614. 170—Clus. i. 327. 3—Ger. Em. 641. 8— Pet. 18. 3-Kniph. 12—J. B. iii. a. 162. 2—Park. Par. 373. 3. Florets of the circumference few. Stem extremely cottony, white, two feet high. Leaves numerous, strap-spear-shaped, long, sessile, growing without order, very entire, dark green and naked above, underneath greenish white, with a thick cotton. Flowering branches with numerous crowded heads at the end, on short branched cottony fruit-stalks, with a middle one sessile. Calyx bluntly egg-shaped, white, not cottony. Down simple, sessile, as long as the calyx. Woodw. (Receptacle tuberculated. Sm. E.)

AMERICAN CUDWEED. PEARLY EVERLASTING. Meadows, pastures, and banks of rivers. In a meadow near Bocking, Essex, and on the banks of

(From yapes, a fuller; certain species being soft and woolly as the nap of cloth: and, according to some writers, used as a substitute for cotton or flax, in filling couches and mattresses, and hence denominated Cotton-weed. E.)

Rymny river, Monmouthshire, for the space of at least twelve miles. Such are the stations given by Ray, and repeated by Hudson; but the former seemed to doubt its being a native. (We learn from Fl. Brit. that it has, however, recently been discovered by the Rev. T. Butt, near a rivulet in the heart of Wire Forest, Worcestershire; and by Dr. Salt in a meadow at Longdon, near Litchfield. E.) P. Aug.

G. DIOICUM. Runners trailing: stem unbranched: flowers in a simple, terminal corymb, dioecious: (seed-down feathery. Sm. E.)

Barren plant.-E. Bot. 267-Dod. 68. 1.2-Lob. Ic. i. 483. 1. 2—Ger. Em. 640. 4 and 5-Fertile plant.-E. Bot. 267-Lightf. 20. 1, at p. 471Ludw. 163-Kniph. 3-Clus. i. 330. 1-Dod. 68. 3-Lob. Ic. i. 483. 3Ger. Em. 641. 6-Park. 690, f. 5-Pet. 18. 4-Fuchs. 606-J. B. iii. a. 162. 3-Lonic. i. 95. 2—H. Öx. vii. 11, row 3, f. 2—Trag. 332—Garid. 30, at p. 168-Ger. 516. 4. 5. 6-Lob. Adv. 202. 2, and Ic. i. 482. 2. In the barren plants the heads almost globular: in fertile ones nearly cylindrical. Linn. Ripe seeds are rarely produced, as is the case with many plants which stole at the root. Root woody, brown, with a few stiff fibres. Runners several, creeping, leafy, from the crown of the root. Root-leaves in a thick tuft, oval at the end, tapering below into a long leaf-stalk, green and slightly hairy above, underneath white with a thick cotton; stem-leaves numerous, strap-shaped, half embracing the stem, green above, white and cottony' underneath. Stems upright, simple, three to seven inches high, white, cottony. Heads three to eight, on short fruit-stalks. Calyx scales blunt, the outer short, green, cottony; the inner widening upwards, long, smooth, shining, white, frequently tinged with purple; in the barren plants shorter. Seeds short; down sessile, with simple rays, that of the fertile plants longer than the calyx, that of the barren plants not exceeding the calyx. Woodw. Blossom white, purple, or reddish.

(A larger variety, with leaves broader and woolly on both sides, has been sent from the Isle of Skye, by Mr. J. Mackay. Fl. Brit. This plant is said to preserve its habit on cultivation, and has been designated G. hyperboreum. We have been favoured with specimens from the original station by Mr. Winch, and observe in our herbarium G. dioicum, enlarged by cultivation, with a similar appearance. E.)

CAT'S-FOOT. (Pes Catti. E.) MOUNTAIN CUDWEED. (Welsh: Edafeddog fynyddig. E.) Dry mountainous pastures in the north of England, Wales, and Cornwall, and on Newmarket Heath not far from Bottesham Beacon. Canham Heath, near Bury, Swaffham Heath, Stratton Heath, Norfolk. Mr. Pitchford. Abundantly on the north and west side of the county of Durham. Mr. Robson. (Race Ground near

(The flowers are smoked through pipes in Lancaster county (U. S.) to cure the toothach. Barton. Frequently cultivated as an ornamental plant in the gardens both of England and the Continent; said to have been introduced from America about the sixteenth century. Its enduring quality renders it valuable through the winter; (for, though inferior to several exotic species in brilliancy, its flowers equally retain their pristine appearance for years. This species appears to be dioecious. Vid. Brown, in Linn. Tr. xii. 123.-The fact that many species of the Syngenesia Class are dioecious, or have the barren and fertile flowers on distinct plants, not only escaped the observation of Linnæus, but of his most enlightened successors: and even Jussieu points out G. dioicum as "Species una dioica insigni exceptione." For a further illustration of this curious subject, vid. Linn. Tr. vol. xiii. E.)

Scarborough. Mr. Travis. On Snowdon, towards Beddgelert; also on
the uplands in the vicinity of the Black Cataract near Maentwrog. Miss
Roberts. At Arbor Low, between Buxton and Ashbourne. Bree, in
Purton. Ravine of the Screes, near Wastwater, Cumberland. Mr.
Wood. Talwrn, Anglesey. Welsh Bot. E.)
P. May-June.

(3) Herbaceous; resembling a Filago.

G. SYLVATICUM. Stem undivided, upright: leaves spear-shaped, tomentose, narrowing at the base: flowers in a crowded terminal leafy spike.

(E. Bot. 913. E.)—Fl. Dan. 254.

Differs from G. rectum in having broader leaves, and a short clustered spike of black flowers. Lightf. Leaves more attenuated at the base, and less naked on the upper surface than in G. rectum. Sm. (Stem solitary, undivided, three to five inches high, cottony, leafy. Down stiff and rough. Receptacle somewhat honey-combed. Calyx, scales in the exposed half nearly black, shining, straw-coloured below: florets yellowish. Fl. Brit. E.)

HIGHLAND CUDWEED. G. Norvegicum. Retz. G. sylvaticum, var. Lightf. Woods on mountains in the Highlands of Scotland. (On mountains to the north of Blair in Athol, above Loch Erruch, and Ben Wyvis, Rossshire, but not in woods. Mr. J. Mackay, in Fl. Brit. About Brampton, Cumberland. Hutchinson. E.) P. Aug.

(This is an elegant little plant, whose peculiar appearance may well recommend it for domestic culture, and as a substitute for the foreign kinds, most of which, being less hardy, require artificial heat. As the Amaranth flower is the acknowledged symbol of immortality, with equal propriety may the Gnaphalium or Everlasting be dedicated to neverceasing remembrance, or that high sentiment which is

"Of itself a holy tie,

Yet made more sacred by adversity."

For such is the imperishable nature of our present species, that it retains a perennial bloom through successive years, and constitutes a principal ornament of the dried winter bouquet, for the vase of the saloon, or the head-dresses of our belles.

"Ainsi la main de l'ansitiè constante,

Quand tout nous fuit, vient essuyer nos pleurs.

Ton doux aspect de ma lyre plaintive
A ranimè les accords languissans;
Dernier tribut de Flore fugitive,

Elle nous légue avec la fleur tardive,

Le souvenir de ses premiers présens." Dubos.

On the Continent, Phillips informs us, such lasting flowers are frequently used to decorate the monuments and graves of departed friends. Since the hill of Pere la Chaise has been converted into a cemetry for the city of Paris, the demand for these flowers in the French capital has been so considerable, as not only to employ many hands in the cultivation of them, but numerous families are regularly occupied, and entirely supported by forming these "Immortelles" into garlands and crosses, which are offered for sale by the cottagers near the entrance of this celebrated burial ground. In the darker ages of idol worship, of such were composed the wreaths which entwined the brows of heathen deities; and thus in Spain and Portugal in the nineteenth century, are the images of Romish saints adorned with the Eastern Everlasting, G. Orientale ;-to which the preceding remarks also more immediately appertain, though not inapplicable to some of our native species, especially the Pearly, Mountain, and Jersey Everlasting. E.)

VOL. III.

G. RECTUM. Stem upright, terminating in a leafy compound-spike: leaves strap-spear-shaped, almost naked on the upper side, silky beneath. Sm.

E. Bot. 124-Pet. 18. 6—Lob. Adv. 202. 1, and Ic. i. 482. 3. G. Angl.~ J. B. iii. 160. 1—Matth. 828. 2—Ger. 515. 1—Ger. Em. 639.1-H. Ox. vii. 11. 1. Leaves green and hairy above, white and cottony underneath; root-leaves long, strap-spear-shaped, very narrow, in open ground forming a thick tuft; stem-leaves strap-shaped, embracing the stem, numerous. Stem in woods frequently solitary, twelve (or fewer, E.) to eighteen inches high, in open ground several from one root, shorter, often at first declining, but very soon ascending. Flowers in a long bunch. Flower-stalks very short, lateral, from the bosom of the leaves, with one to five or more flowers, the lowermost somewhat distant, the upper crowded. Flowerleaves similar to, but smaller than the stem-leaves. Heads very small. Calyx bluntly oval, greenish at the base, yellowish brown upwards, smooth, with shining edges; the outer short, the inner as long as the florets. Seeds minute; down sessile, as long as the calyx; rays simple. Woodw. Blossom yellowish. (A doubtful species. E.)

UPRIGHT CUDWEED. (ENGLISH LIVELONG. Welsh: Edafeddog uniawnsyth y goedwig. G. rectum. Sm. Willd. G. sylvaticum B. Huds. Hook. Grev. E.) Pastures and woods in sandy soil. Rough pastures near Fladbury, Worcestershire. Nash. On the great Island in Winandermere. Armingdale wood, near Norwich. Mr. Woodward. Sandy heath a mile from Shiffnal, on the road to Wolverhampton. Banks of the canal in the parish of Coseley, Warwickshire. Dr. Stokes. (Ridgway, near Cookhill, Worcestershire: between Wixford and Bidford, on the side of the road, Warwickshire. Purton. Kinderscout, Derbyshire. Mr. W. Christy. Above the mills, Beaumaris. Welsh Bot. Pentland hills; Figget Whins: Mr. Neill. Grev. Edin. Pastures and woods in the county of Durham. Mr. Robson. Lanes about Mottershall, Staffordshire. E.) G. SUPINUM. Stem undivided, trailing: flowers few, scattered: (leaves strap-spear-shaped, somewhat cottony on both sides. E.) Dicks. H. S.-E. Bot. 1193. E.)—Lightf. 20. 2. at p. 471-Scop. 57. at ii. p. 152-Bocc. Rar. 20. 1, at p. 41.

P. Aug.

Root-leaves strap-spear-shaped, slightly hairy above, underneath cottony, and greenish white, one half to three quarters of an inch long, in tufts; stem-leaves sessile, narrower and longer. Stem one and a half to three inches high. Heads three and four, alternate, either sessile, or on short cottony fruit-stalks, from the bosom of the upper leaves, which are not longer than the heads. Calyx, scales spear-shaped, with a green longitudinal line at the base; the tips and edges shining, of a brownish yellow. Seeds elliptical; down sessile, rays simple, as long as the florets and longer than the calyx. Woodw.

DWARF ALPINE CUDWEED. G. alpinum. Lightf. Dry mountainous pastures and meadows. On almost all the Highland mountains. Mr. Brown. On the top of Ben Lomond. Sir J. E. Smith. (Ben Lawers, and Ben-y-Gloe. Mr. Winch. E.) P. July-Aug.

G. ULIGINO'SUM. Stem branched, spreading: flowers crowded, in terminal clusters: (leaves strap-spear-shaped, cottony on both sides. E.)

Dicks. H. S-Fl. Dán. 859-(E. Bot. 1194. E.)-H. Ox. vii. 11. 14, f. 4 -Dod. 66. 3-Lob. Ic. i. 481. 1-Ger. Em. 639. 2-Park. 686. 4-Pet. 18. 7-Ger. 515.

Stem three to nine inches high or more, upright, with a dense white cotton, much branched; branches spreading, more cottony and thicker towards the end, the lower often trailing, clothed with numerous leaves particularly towards the end, and these thickest and most cottony. Leaves elliptical, tapering into a long leaf-stalk, slightly cottony and greenish above, more cottony and whitish underneath. Flowers nearly sessile. Calyx, scales membranous spear-shaped, smooth, brown, shining, when in seed blackish, almost hid in the cotton. Down sessile, with simple rays, as long as the calyx. Woodw. Whole plant, particularly at the base of the calyxes and fruit-stalks, covered with a cottony substance. (Florets yellowish, all fertile. E.)

(MARSH CUDWEED. E.) BLACK-HEADED CUDWEED. (Welsh: Edafeddog benddu. E.) In watery places, especially where stagnant water has remained during the winter. A. Aug. G. GAL'LICUM. (Stem branched, upright: flowers awl-shaped, tufted, axillary leaves thread-shaped, revolute, sharp-pointed. E.)

Dicks. H. S.-(E. Bot. 2369. E.)—Pluk. 298. 2—Pet. 18. 12. Whole plant cottony, but the cotton shorter than that of G. germanicum or montanum. Stem much branched. Leaves awl-shaped, half embracing the stem, about an inch long. Woodw. (Receptacle convex, tubercled. Calyx, scales green, downy, with a thin white border. Florets of the disk about three; of the circumference more numerous, all tubular and fertile. Sm. E.)

NARROW-LEAVED or GRASS CUDWEED. Filago Gallica. Linn. Gravelly corn-fields. In sandy ground about Castle Haveningham, Essex, (not now to be found there. E.) Heaths, Derbyshire. Mr. Woodward. (Dry banks near Forfar; also near Newburgh, Fifeshire. Mr. D. Don. Hook. Scot. E.) A. July-Aug. E.)

G. (MINIMUM. E.) Stem upright, branched: (leaves spear-shaped, sharp-pointed, flat: E.) flowers conical, in axillary and terminal tufts.

(E. Bot. 1157. E.)-Pet. 18. 11-H. Ox. vii. 11. 3. a.-Ger. 517. 8-Lob. Ic. i. 481. 2-Ger. Em. 641. 9—J. B. iii. a. 159-H. Ox. vii. 11. 3. b. (Stems very slender, erect, two to eight inches high, woolly; branched, chiefly from the first cluster of flowers, sometimes quite simple. Leaves erect, almost appressed, very small. Flowers small, three to six together in clusters, sessile, and sometimes solitary. Calyx downy, scales subulate. Grev. Florets yellowish. Down rough. Receptacle tubercled. E.)

LEAST CUDWEED. (Welsh: Edafeddog leiaf; Digoll lwyd. G. minimum. Ray. Bauh. Sm. Willd. Relh. Hook. Grev. G. montanum. With. Huds. Hull. and supposed to be Filago montana of Linnæus; but Smith observes that the real F. montana of Linnæus has leaves and flowers nearly double the size of our plant; that it is far more woolly, especially the scales of the calyx; that all the blossoms are crowded together, never solitary, and that it is not found in Britain. E.) Sandy and gravelly ground. Á. July-Aug.