Surry. Mr. T. F. Forster, jun. About Boxhill, near Dorking. Mr. J. Woods, jun. Bot. Guide. E.) B. July-Aug. (C. PULCHRA. Leaves downy, toothed; radical ones obovate; those on the stem somewhat arrow-shaped and amplexicaul: stem panicled, corymbose: calyx pyramidal, smooth."

E. Bot. 2325-Col. Ecphr. t. 249—H. Ox. vii. 5. 37.

Root small, taper, branching. Stem one to two feet high, upright, downy, slender, cylindrical, hollow. Root-leaves inversely egg-shaped, thin, downy, toothed most in their lower part, the rest few, small, arrowshaped, clasping the stem with their toothed base. Flowers small, yellow, closing about noon. Anthers and stigmas brownish. Scales at the base of the calyx not deciduous. Down of the seed nearly sessile, very slender, minutely toothed. Like its congeners said to vary much in luxuriance. E. Bot. Vid. also Linn. Tr. vol. x. p. 345. SMALL-FLOWERED HAWK'S-BEARD. Hieracium pulchrum. Bauh. Hist. Prenanthes Hieracifolia. Willd. P. pulchra. De Cand. Found wild by Mr. G. Don, in 1796, amongst crumbling rocks on the hill of Turin, near Forfar. A. June-Sept. E.) Recept. chaffy: Calyx somewhat tiled:

HYPOCHE'RIS.*

Down pedicellate, feathery.

H. MACULATA. Stem solitary, almost naked: leaves egg-oblong, entire,

toothed.

E. Bot. 225-Fl. Dan. 149-Hall. Enum. 24. 1, at p. 740, and. Hist. 1. 1, at p. 24-Clus. ii. 139. 2-Ger. 301. 1-Park. 799. 13-J. B. ii. 1027. 1— H. Ox. vii. 5. 53—Pet. 13. 1—Ger. 237. 1—Hall. 1. 1, at p. 24. Leaves spreading on the ground in a circle, oval, toothed at the base, very entire towards the end, fringed, with reddish angular spots, and scattered hairs. Stem naked, with one or two strap-shaped scales. Calyx outer scales blackish, fringed; the inner smooth, yellowish, half as long as the florets, hairy, composed of large scales. Woodw. Stalks generally simple, but sometimes with one, two, or three branches. Relh. Blossoms yellow (large, terminal. Down feathery. E.)

SPOTTED CAT'S-EAR. Mountainous meadows and pastures. Gogmagog Hills, between Triplow Heath and Foulmire; Newmarket Heath; banks of the Devil's Ditch near Reche; and Bartlow, Cambridgeshire. Relhan. Bernack Heath, Northamptonshire, (but since the time of Ray sought for there in vain, says Morton. E.) On Omperhead, by Cartmel Wells, very plentiful, with Veronica hybrida. Mr. Hall. (About Malham Cove, Yorkshire. Sir J. E. Smith. At the end of Risby Heath, Suffolk, on a chalky bank close to the plantation of firs. Sir T. G. Cullum, in Bot. Guide. In dry woods east of Forfar. Mr. G. Don. E.) P. July.t H. GLA'BRA. Smooth: stem branched, nearly leafless: leaves toothed and indented: calyx oblong, tiled: (down of the marginal seed sessile. E.)

(From Uno and xapos; because swine are supposed to delight in certain species. E.) + The leaves are boiled and eaten like cabbage. Horses are fond of this plant when green, but not when dry. Cows, goats, and swine eat it. Sheep are not fond of it. Linn. The country people believe it a cure for tetters, and other cutaneous eruptions, possibly through a vulgar prejudice, founded on its spotted leaves. Mr. Wood.

Curt. 145-(E. Bot. 575. E.)-Fl. Dan. 424-Pet. 12. 4—H. Ox. vii. 4. 35 -Pet. 11. 12-Col. Ecphr. ii. 27. 2.

Differs from H. radicata in having much smaller blossoms, the scales of the calyx smooth, and the keel not fringed. Whole plant smooth. Stems (about a foot high, E.) nearly upright, with one or two branches, slender, hollow above, solid below. Leaves spear-shaped, indented, toothed. Fruit-stalks thickening upwards. Calyx like that of Leontodon autumale. Blossom yellow, close. Seeds of the circumference with the down sessile; those of the centre, down pedicellate. Habit and appearance that of Leontodon autumnale. Linn. Stem sometimes simple, in the autumn much branched and reclining. Leaves in a circle round the root, shining; teeth triangular, Woodw. sometimes edged with white hairs. Calyx long, conical; scales smooth, blunt, purplish at the ends. SMOOTH CATS'-EAR. Sandy and gravelly soils. Near Middleton, Warwickshire. Ray. Pensham Field, near Pershore. Nash. On the common, close to the Inn at Bank-top, near Barnsley. Mr. Wood. Sandy parts of Norfolk and Suffolk. Mr. Woodward. (Under Greenwich Park wall, on Blackheath. Curtis. Among turnips at Great Barton, Suffolk. Sir T. G. Cullum, in Bot. Guide. Sunderland Ballast Hills; Ryegate Common, Surry. Mr. Winch. On sandy banks about Plasteirion in Rhyl near Rhyddlan, Flintshire. Mr. Griffith. E.) Washwood Heath, near Birmingham. A. June-Aug.

H. RADICA'TA. Stem branched, naked, smooth leaves notched, blunt, rough fruit-stalks scaly: (down of all the seeds stalked. E.)

Curt. 152-(E. Bot. 831. E.)-Fl. Dan. 150-Dod. 639. 2-Lob. Obs. 120. 2, and Ic. i. 238. 1-Ger. Em. 298. 6-Park. 790-H. Ox. vii. 4. 27— Ger. 227. 7-Park. 791. 8-Pet. 11. 11-J. B. ii. 1032. 1. Root-leaves spread on the ground, oblong-wedge-shaped, waved or toothed, hairy. Branches one or more, thickest upward, each with one flower. Woodw. Calyx not distended at the base; scales strap-spear-shaped, set along the upper part of the keel with a row of short, taper, dark, purple bristles. Seeds scored, rough; pedicle longer than the seed; down rather longer than the pedicle. Chaff strap-shaped, tapering and yellow towards the top. Blossoms large, yellow within, reddish green without. (Root spindle-shaped, descending to a great depth. E.)

A dwarf variety with only one flower, and that nearly sessile, lateral, has been observed by Mr. Woodward.

LONG-ROOTED CAT'S-EAR. (Welsh: Melynydd gorwreiddiog. E.) Meadows and pastures, common. P. May-Sept.*

LAP SANA. Receptacle naked: Calyx double: all the inner scales channelled: Down none.

L. COMMUNIS. Calyxes after flowering, angular: fruit-stalks slender, much branched: (stem bearing a panicle: leaves egg-shaped, stalked, toothed. E.)

→ (Sheep and cows refuse it. Sinclair. This is the Porcellia of old authors, supposed to be a favourite food with pigs; though probably not more so than some others of the same class, as Swine's Succory, Sow-thistle, &c. E.)

Dicks. H. S.-Curt.-(E. Bot. 844. E.)-Kniph. 5-Fl. Dan. 500-Lob. Obs. 104. 1, and Ic. i. 207. 1-Ger. Em. 255-Park. 810. 1-J. B. ii. 1028-Dod. 675. 2—H. Ox. vii. 1. 9-Pet. 14. 12-Ger. 231. 8. Stem two to four feet high, stiff, hollow, cylindrical, scored, hairy. Leaves alternate: the lower egg-shaped, on leaf-stalks; the upper spear-shaped, higher up strap-shaped, the uppermost awl-shaped. Leaf-stalks bordered, the border wing-cleft, one or two pair of wings, slightly hairy. Flowering branches long, naked, or with one or two awl-shaped scales, much branched at the top, each branch with one flower. Woodw. Stem nearly cylindrical, scored, hairy; the hairs terminated by minute globules. Branches smooth. Leaves toothed; rough with hair, the lower egg-shaped, on long leaf-stalks, the upper spear-shaped, sessile. Leafstalks flat, with two or three pair of small unequal wings. Calyx somewhat cylindrical; the outer, scales spear-shaped, closely embracing the base of the inner. Blossom yellow; florets fifteen to eighteen. Styles purplish. Summit dark purplish green.

COMMON NIPPLE-WORT. DOCK CRESS. (Irish: Duilleog brideog. Welsh: Cartheig cyffredin. E.) Hedges, shady places, and on rubbish.

A. June-July. L. PUSILLA. Stalks radical, subdivided, naked, thickening upwards: leaves obovate, rough-edged, toothed. E.)

(Hook. Fl. Lond. 65. E.)-E. Bot. 95-Fl. Dan. 201-Clus. ii. 142. 2→ Ger. Em. 288. 8-Park. 791. 9-Pet. 15. 9-Gies. 33-Ger. 227. 8—Н. Ox. vii. 1. 8.

Root small, woody, with a few stiff fibres. Leaves spreading in a circle, bluntly oval, tapering into a leaf-stalk, toothed on the sides, entire at the base and end, viewed with a glass slightly hairy, particularly at the edges. Stalk six to nine inches high, cylindrical, smooth, reddish and stiff at the bottom, green and hollow upwards, sometimes simple, oftener with one, sometimes two branches. Branches reddish and wire-like at the base, hollow and thickening upwards, sometimes again divided. Flowers pendant before opening, afterwards upright. Calyx outer scales small, dry, and shrivelling; the inner very pointed. Blossom yellow. Seeds oval, scored, crowned with the proper calyx. Woodw. In some situations much larger, the branches dividing and sub-dividing. Br. (DWARF NIPPLE-WORT. E.) SWINE'S SUCCORY. (L. pusilla. Willd. Ait, Hook. Hyoseris minima. Linn. originating in an error, as explained by Smith. L. minima. Lightf. Hook. Scot. E.) Meadows and corn-fields in gravelly soil. Corn-fields, at Walthamstow, Essex. Sir W. Watson. Teddington Field, near Hampton. Doody. Pensham Field, near Pershore, in the most barren and gravelly places. Nash. Corn-fields, near Norwich. Woodward. Sandy corn-fields about Forfar; road from Dundee to St. Andrews. Mr. Brown. (In Damary and Langton cornfields, and about Spetisbury, Dorset. Pulteney. E.) A. May-Aug.

66

As a curative for sore breasts, (whence the old English name is derived), it is now entirely in disuse. At Constantinople it is eaten raw, just before flowering. (In some parts of England the young leaves are boiled and used as greens, but have a disagreeable flavour. Lapsanâ vivere" is proverbial, signifying to live hard; in allusion to Cæsar's army, which is reported to have sustained life for some time at Dyrrhachium by using the roots of this herb; but our plant being annual, and its roots little more than fibrous, we apprehend the passage of Pliny, xix. 9, must refer to some other vegetable. E.)

CICHO RIUM.* Receptacle somewhat chaffy: Calyx double : Down chaffy, (shorter than the seeds. E.)

C. IN'TYBUS.

Flowers in pairs, sessile: leaves notched.

E. Bot. 539. E.)—Fl. Dan. 907-Woodv. 248-Curt. 241-Blackw, 177— Walc.-Dod. 635-Lob. Obs. 114. 1, and Ic. i. 228. 2—Ger. Em. 284. 1— Park. 776. 2—H. Ox. vii. 1, row 2. 2-Fuchs. 679-J. B. ii. 1008— Trag. 272-Lonic. i. 94. 1—Ger. 235. 10—Matth. 503.

Stem angular, (two to three feet high, upright, straight. Root spindleshaped, fleshy, white. E.) Stem-leaves spear-shaped, amplexicaul, toothed towards the base, fringed with bristly hairs terminating in globules. Flowers axillary to the upper leaves, only open during the middle of the day. Calyx, outer, scales six, reflexed, about half as long as those of the inner, set on the outside and edges with whitish hairs bearing small globules; inner, scales membranous, set along the back with similar hairs, woolly at the ends. Blossom of a fine blue, (sometimes white, E.); individuals with five or six semi-transparent lines, a little woolly on the outside. Cylinder of anthers striped blue and white. Germen, edge with little teeth. Summits blue. Seeds oblong, quadrangular, crowned with a small greenish cup edged with numerous white teeth. Chaff short, spear-shaped.

WILD SUCCORY, (CICHORY, E.) or ENDIVE. (Welsh: Ysgallen y meirch.
E.) Borders of corn-fields.
P. July-Aug.t

ARCTIUM.

inwards.

Calyx globose: scales with hooked points, bent

A. LAPPA. Leaves heart-shaped, without thorns, on leaf-stalks. (E. Bot. 1228. E.)-Kniph. 3-Ludw. 106-Curt. 238-Woodv. 15Matth. 1154-Lob. Obs. 318. 2, and Ic. i. 588. 1-Ger. 664. 1-Park, 1223. 1-Dod. 38-Lob. Obs. 318. 1, and Ic. i. 587. 2—Ger. Em. 809. 1— Pet. 23. 1-Fuchs. 72—J. B. iii. 570-Trag. 837—Blackw. 117. 1—H. Or. vii. 32. 1-Lonic. i. 64. 2.

Leaves, the lower on long leaf-stalks, waved at the edges; the upper eggspear-shaped. Woodw. Stems reddish. Stems and leaves with short

(Pliny traces this name to an Egyptian origin. By the Greeks it was sometimes written xxopov, whence among the simple fare of Horace,

"Me pascunt olivæ,

Me Cichorea, levesque Malva." E.).

+ The leaves, when blanched, are eaten early in the spring in salads. They lose their bitterness by cultivation, (but the kind more generally adopted for horticultural purposes is C. Endivia, an exotic, and little more than annual, species. E.) The roots, gathered before the stem shoots up, are eatable, and, when dried, will make bread. Sheep, goats, and swine eat it. Cows and horses refuse it. (The root dried and ground to powder will improve coffee, and is frequently drunk therewith, especially in Germany, where it is prepared in cakes, and sold for that purpose.-In Moscow, and generally throughout Russia, it is used, when roasted, as a substitute for tea and coffee.-The cultivated variety, when sown in drills, is productive, but the stems being hard, render it unfit for provender. Indeed, agriculturally considered, it is, like several other beautiful plants, little better than troublesome weed. Medicinally, it has been admitted into the Dispensatory as an aperient, detergent, and attenuant, but probably with no very active virtues. E.)

(From apxtos, a bear; from the roughness of its globular heads.-Respecting the etymon of the old generic term Lappa, Ray observes, "Dici potest vel ánò rê λabeïv, prehendere; vel á rõ λanlew, i. e. lambere; quod prætereuntium vestibus adhæreat.” E.)

white soft bristles. Fruit-stalks axillary. Calyx scales green and fleshy at the base, purple towards the top, keeled, ending in long stiff awns, yellow at the hooked points. Blossom, tube white; bordered. Anthers bluish purple. Style white. Summits expanding, white. Seeds oblong, angular, somewhat flatted. (Stem nearly four feet high, upright, with wide-spreading branches, leafy, cylindrical, furrowed, slightly hairy. Fl. Brit. Leaves larger than those of any other British plant, unless Butterbur. E.)

COMMON BURDOCK or BURR. (Irish: Meacan tovach. Welsh: Cedowrach; Cribau'r bleiddiau. Gaelic: Mac-andog-ha; Suircean suirich. E.) Road sides, rubbish, and ditch banks. B. July-Aug. Var. 2. Heads roundish, rather large, brownish, purple, interwoven with whitish cotton. Blossom purple. Stem dark red. Ray.

(E. Bot. 2478. E.)-Mill. Ic. 159-Blackw. 117. 2—Fl. Dan. 642—Pet. 23. 5-Matth. 11. 155—H. Ox. vii. 32. 2.

(4. Lappa B. Linn. var. Huds. Curt. Hook. Grev. A. Bardana. Willd. Sm. E.)

Road sides and rubbish.

Var. 3. Heads quite smooth, very large, an inch in diameter, green. Blossom purplish.

New Cross, Kent. Ray.

Var. 4. Heads small, smooth, of the size of a hazel nut, broadish at the base, brown. Blossom purple. Ray.

Pet. 23. 3.

Var. 5. Heads the size and colour of those of var. 4, rounder, brown or purplish, and with a considerable quantity of cotton. Ray.

Pet. 23. 4-J. B. îii. 571. 1.

Near Halifax, Yorkshire. Ray.

Var. 6. With leafy heads. Plak.

About London. Aug. Pet. Dill.

Pet. 23. 2.

(In reference to the above varieties Prof. Hooker observes: "We have little hesitation in pronouncing them to be variations of the same species, having remarked, in a small compass of ground, some plants which had the calyx quite smooth; some thickly covered with cobweb-like filaments, and others in all the intermediate states." E.)

SERRATULA.† Calyx nearly cylindrical, tiled: scales not spinous: (Down permanent. E.)

:

Before the flowers appear, the stems, stripped of their rind, may be boiled and eaten like asparagus. When raw they are palatable with oil and vinegar. A decoction of the roots is esteemed by some very sensible physicians equal, if not superior, to that of sarsaparilla, in rheumatic affections. (The seeds are recommended as diuretic and are acceptable to birds. E.) Boys catch bats, by throwing the prickly heads into the air. These hooked points tend to the dispersion of the seed, by adhering to the coats of animals, &c. E.) Cows and goats eat it. Sheep and horses refuse it. Swine are not fond of it. Phalana Humuli feeds upon the roots, and the Mottled Orange Moth upon the stems: Linn. (within which the chrysalis may be found about the month of August, especially in stunted specimens. E.)

† (Diminutive of serra, a saw; from its serrated foliage. E.)