CLASS XIX.

SYNGENESIA.

ÆQUALIS.

(1) All the Florets strap-shaped.

CICHO'RIUM. Recept. slightly chaffy: Down chaff-like: Cal. double.

HYPOCHE RIS. Recept. chaffy: Down somewhat feathery :

Cal. tiled.

TRAGOPO'GON. Recept. naked: Down feathery, on a pedicle: Cal. simple.

PICRIS. Recept. naked: Down feathery: (Seeds furrowed transversely: E.) Cal. double.

LEON'TODON. Recept. naked: Down on a pedicle, simple : Cal. tiled, double; scales flexible.

CRE'PIS. Recept. naked: Down hair-like: Cal. double, with scales of different shapes, (outermost deciduous. E.) PRENANTHES. Recept. naked: Down hair-like: Cal. double, containing about five florets.

LACTUCA. Recept. naked: Down hair-like, on a pedicle : Cal. tiled, simple, scale membranous at the edges.

HIERA CIUM. Recept, naked, dotted: Down hair-like, sessile: Cal. tiled, egg-shaped.

SON'CHUS. Recept. naked: Down hair-like, sessile: Cal. tiled, tumid at the base.

LAP'SANA. Recept. naked: Down none: Cal. double, (scales of the innermost channelled. E.)

(2) Flowers in globular heads.

CARLI'NA. (Cal. tumid; outer scales spinous, inner rays coloured: Recept. chaffy: Down feathery. E.)

ARC'TIUM. (Cal. globose; scales spinous, bent inwards, and hooked. E.)

CAR DUUS. (Cal. tiled, with spinous scales, tumid: Recept. hairy Down deciduous, hair-like. E.)

ONOPOR'DON. Cal. with spreading, spinous scales, tumid: Recept. cellular, somewhat chaffy.

SERRAT'ULA. Cal. nearly cylindrical, tiled; scales rather acute, but not spinous: (Down permanent. E.) [Centaurea nigra.]

(3) Florets all tubular.

EUPATO'RIUM. Recept. naked: Down feathery: Cal. tiled: Style cloven, prominent.

(CHRYSO'COMA. Recept. naked: Down simple, rough: Cal. hemispherical, tiled: Style scarcely longer than the florets. E.)

SANTOLINA. Recept. chaffy: Down none: Cal. tiled, hemispherical.

BI'DENS. (Recept. chaffy: Down awnlike, rough with reversed prickles: Cal. tiled with channelled scales. E.) [Senecio vulgaris. Tanacetum vulgare. Tussilago Petasites. Aster Tripolium.]

SUPERFLUA.

(1) Florets all tubular.

ARTEMISIA. Recept. almost naked: Down none: (Cal. tiled; scales converging: E.) Florets of the circumference without a petal.

TANACETUM. Recept. naked: (Seed with a membranous crown: Florets of the circumference trifid, sometimes wanting. E.)

CONY'ZA. (Recept. naked: Down hair-like, rough: Florets of the circumference trifid: Cal. tiled. E.)

GNAPHA'LUM. Recept. naked: Down feathery or hair-like: Cal. tiled with membranous coloured scales: (Florets of the circumference awl-shaped. E.)

[Senecio vulgaris. Tussilago Petasites, hybrida. Aster Tripolium. Erigeron. Bidens.]

(2) Flowers radiate.

BEL'LIS. Recept. naked, conical: Down none: Cal. hemispherical, with equal scales.

(MATRICA'RIA. Recept. naked, nearly cylindrical: Down none Cal. tiled, nearly flat; scales membranous at the edges. E.)

CHRYSANTHEMUM. (Recept. naked, rather convex: Down none: Cal. hemispherical, imbricated; scales with a dilated, membranous border. E.)

(PYRETHRUM. Recept. naked: Seed crowned with a border: Cal. hemispherical, imbricated; scales rather acute, membranous at the edges. E.)

DORO NICUM. Recept. naked: Down hair-like: Strapshaped florets, without down: (Cal. a double row of equal scales, longer than the disk. E.)

I'NULA. Recept. naked: Down hair-like: Anthers with two bristles at the base.

ERI'GERON. Recept. naked: Down hair-like: Florets of the circumference very slender: (Anthers simple. E.)

SOLIDA'GO. Recept. naked, pitted: Down hair-like: Cal. tiled with close scales: Florets of the circumference five or six, remote.

CINERA'RIA. Recept. naked: Down hair-like: (Cal. simple, cylindrical; scales equal: Seed quadrangular. E.)

SENE CIO. Recept. naked: Down hair-like: Cal. with scales shrivelled at the ends.

TUSSILA'GO. Recept. naked: Down hair-like: Cal. tumid at the base; scales somewhat membranous: (Seed obovate, compressed. E.)

ASTER. Recept. naked: Down hair-like: Cal. lowermost scales spreading: (Florets of the circumference more than ten. E.)

AN'THEMIS. Recept. chaffy: Down none: Cal. hemispherical: (Florets of the circumference numerous: Seed crowned with a slight border. E.)

ACHILLE'A. Recept. chaffy: Down none: Cal. oblong: Florets of the circumference about five, somewhat heartshaped.

VOL. III.

FRUSTRANEA.

CENTAUREA. Recept. bristly: Down hair-like, or feathery : Florets of the circumference tubular, (dilated, without stamens or style. E.)

NECESSARIA.

CALEN'DULA. Recept. naked: Down none: Seeds membranous.

[Tussilago Farfara. Erigeron.]

ÆQUALIS.

TRAGOPO/GON.* Receptacle naked: Calyx simple: Down feathery, pedicellate.

T. PRATEN'SIS. Calyx as long as the rays of the blossom: (leaves entire, keeled, acuminate, dilated at the base: E.) fruit-stalk cylindrical.

(E. Bot. 434. E.)-Ludw. 49-Kniph. 9—Fl. Dan. 906-Lonic. i. 95. 4— Fuchs, 821-J. B. ii. 1059. 1-Trag. 280-Dod. 256. 2-Lob. Obs. 297. 2, and Ic. i. 550. 2—Ger. Em. 735. 2-Pet. 15. 6-H. Ox. vii. row 1. 1Matth. 537-Ger. 595. 2.

Blossoms yellow, showy, two inches over, opening early and closing before noon. (The feathery down of the seeds assumes an enlarged cobweb-like spherical form distended by the pedicels. E.) Whole plant smooth, stiff, strong, upright. Leaves very long and narrow, tapering. Calyx, leaves purplish at the edge. Anthers purple. Pollen yellow. Seeds crooked. Receptacle, having glandular substances in the little hollows at the base of each floret, which, when the blossoms fall, turn brown, the receptacle remaining white. (Root spindle-shaped, milky, sweet. Stems a foot and half high, often tinged with purple. Leaves alternate, embracing the stem, keeled, sharp-pointed, widening at the base. Fl. Brit. Mr. Woodward remarks that in Norfolk the calyx invariably exceeds the blossom; Mr. Stackhouse observes the same in Cornwall, E.) YELLOW GOATS'-BEARD. (Welsh: Barf yr afr felen. E.) pastures.

Meadows and
B. June.t

T. PORRIFOLIUS. Calyx half as long again as the rays of the blossom: leaves entire, stiff and straight: fruit-stalks thickening upwards.

(From Tpayos, a goat; and wyw, a beard; which the down of the seed somewhat resembles. E.)

Before the stems shoot up, the roots, boiled like Asparagus, have the same flavour, and are nearly as nutritious. Cows, sheep, and horses eat it. Swine devour it greedily.

Jacq. Ic. i.-(E. Bot. 638. E.)-Kniph. 7-Fl. Dan. 797-Ger. 595. 1— Park. Par. 511. 8-Matth. 538-Dod. 256. 1—Lob. Obs. 297. 1, and Ic.

i. 550. 1-Ger. Em. 735. 1-Park. 412-Pet. 15. 7 and 8-H. Ox. vii. 9. 5.

Stem-leaves shorter than in T. pratensis, scarcely longer than the space between the joints. Calyr about one-third longer than the blossom. Blossom dull purple. Woodw. (closing about noon. Herb glaucous, smooth, three or four feet high. Anthers nearly black. E.)

PURPLE GOATS'-BEARD. SALSAFY. Moist meadows and pastures. In
Cornwall. Merrett. About Carlisle and Rose Castle, Cumberland. Dil-
lenius. Marshes near Long-Reach, below Woolwich, and meadows near
Edmonton. Blackstone. On the banks of the Calder, near Whalley,
Lancashire. Gerard. Meadows below St. Vincent's Rocks, Bristol. Mr.
Sowerby. About Ripton, Huntingdonshire. Mr. Woodward. Moist
marshes in the parish of Whiteford, near Holywell. Bingley. Marshes
near Purfleet, Essex. Mr. E. Forster, jun. in Bot. Guide. About Gorcot
Hall, near Alcester. Purton. About Glasgow, but very rare. Hopkirk.
E.)
B. May-June.*
PI'CRIS.+ Receptacle naked: Calyx double: Down feathery :
Seeds with transverse furrows.

P. ECHIOIDES. Outer calyx of five broad, prickly leaves, larger than the inner: (down standing on a pedicle. E.)

Curt. 150-(E. Bot. 972. E.)-Pet. 12. 12-Ger. 655. 2—J. B. ii. 1029. 1 -Lob. Ic. i. 577. 2-Ger. Em. 798. 2-H. Ox. vii. 5. 38.

Root-leaves oval, scolloped, stiff with numerous warty protuberances, which, as also the ribs and edges, are set with short thorn-like hairs. Stem

Goats are not fond of it. (Both these species are among the most regular indices of the Horologium Flore, closing their flowers so invariably about mid-day, that they have obtained the rustic designation of Go to Bed at Noon: for even the ploughman knows that

"In every copse and sheltered dell,

Unveil'd to the observant eye,

Are faithful monitors, who tell

How pass the hours and seasons by.

Broad o'er its imbricated cup

The Goatsbeard spreads its golden rays,
But shuts its cautious petals up,

Retreating from the noontide blaze."

Nor does the Burgomaster, luxuriating in his earthly paradise, disdain this humble memento of the winged moments;

"Then to lay one down

Upon a primrose bank, where violet flowers

Smell sweetly, and the mead's in bloomy prime,
Till Flora's clock, the Goatsbeard, mark the hours,
And closing says, Arise, 'tis dinner time;

Then dine on pyes and cauliflower heads,

And roam away the afternoon in Tulip beds." E.)

The roots are esculent, and when cultivated in gardens for boiling or stewing are called Salsafy. (They are usually in season during winter, are very sweet, and contain a large quantity of milky juice. Salisbury. E.)

+ (From Ixpos, bitter; a prevalent flavour of these plants. E.)