(2) Stamens either two or four.

L. RUDERA'LE. Radical leaves pinnatifid: branch-leaves strap-shaped, entire petals sometimes wanting.

Trag. 83. 2-Fl. Dan. 184-E. Bot. 1595-Matth. 608-Dod. 713. 1-Lob. Ic. i. 214. 1-Ger. Em. 262. 4—Park. 829—H. Ox. iii. 19, row 2. f. 3— Pet. 50. 1-Fuchs. 307—J. B. ii. 914.

Stem usually crooked, woody, stiff, (upright, a foot high. E.) Leaves fleshy, smooth. Fruit-stalks slender. Pouches numerous, small, much compressed. Woodw. Flowers minute, whitish, in dense roundish clusters gradually lengthening out. Stamens two or four; (Smith states that he never found this plant with petals, or with more than two stamens. E.) The plant smells like a fox. NARROW-LEAVED DITTANDER or PEPPER-WORT. On rubbish, and on the sea coast. Malden, Essex; Yarmouth, Lynn, and Cley, Norfolk; Truro, Cornwall. Ray. Salt marshes near Yarmouth, Norfolk, plentifully. Mr. Woodward. On the side of the Severn, above Worcester. Stokes. Near King's Weston, below Bristol. (On St. Anthony's Ballast Hills, Northumberland. Mr. Winch. E.) A. June-Aug.

L. CAMPESTRE. (Pouch scaly, roundish, notched, bordered at the top: style very short: stem-leaves arrow-shaped, toothed. E.) Curt.-(E. Bot. 1385. E.)-Ger. 204. 2-Pet. 50. 7-Fuchs. 306—J. B. ii. 921. 1-Trag. 87.

Stems many from the same root, thickly clothed with leaves. In some situations it is green and slightly hairy, in others very downy and white, and is then T. hirtum of Hudson. Woodw. Stem undivided except at the top, where it separates into seven or eight branches, above the branches naked. Root-leaves spear-egg-shaped, on long flat leaf-stalks, sometimes wing-cleft at the base. Fruit-stalks horizontal. Pouches nearly heart-shaped, convex on the lower, and concave on the upper surface. Blossom white. Calyx spotted with brown. (Smith remarks that the pouch may be found either dotted, quite smooth, or slightly hairy, when it becomes T. hirtum of Hudson, but not of Linnæus. The seeds being solitary in each cell, and the cotyledons incumbent, Mr. Brown has removed this species from Thlaspi. E.)

Var. 2. Leaves smooth, broader, scarcely serrated; those at the root not indented.

Blackw. 407-Dod. 713. 3-Lob. Obs. 108. 2, and Ic. i. 213. 1-Ger. Em. 262. 2-Park. 836. 2—Pet. 50. 8-H. Ox. iii. 17. 14-Matth. 566. Thlaspi Vaccariæ folio glabrum. R. Syn. 305. Between Beccles and Bungay, Suffolk. Ray. (On Willington Ballast Hills, Durham. Mr. Winch. On the banks of the New River, near the upper Iron Bridge, Bristol. Mr. S. Rootsey. E.)

MITHRIDATE PEPPER-WORT. Cow CRESS. (Welsh: Codywasg y maes. L. campestre. Br. in Ait. De Cand. Sm. Hook. Thlaspi campestre. Linn. Lightf. Huds. With. Curt. E.) Corn-fields and sunny situations in a clayey and sandy soil. A. June-July. (L. HIR'TUM. Pouch often hairy, not scaly, bordered at the summit: stem-leaves arrow-shaped, hoary: style elongated.

E. Bot. 1803-Pet. 50. 10.

Differs from L. campestre in having woody root, more oblong and less tumid pouches, whose sides are often very hairy, and when destitute of hairs are but obscurely dotted, never so scaly as in that species. Petals much larger, and more conspicuous; but the most decisive mark, observes Mr. Leathes, is the elongated style, projecting far beyond the lobes of the pouch, whereas the short style of L. campestre is but just equal to those lobes. E. Bot. This species, for the reasons which determine the preceding, must be referred to the same genus.

HAIRY MITHRIDATE PEPPER-WORT. HOARY CRESS. L. hirtum. De Cand. Galp. Sm. Hook. Grev. Thlaspi hirtum. Linn. Willd. Fl. Brit. T. campestre. Var. 3. With. Ed. 5. It has been found in Perthshire, near the seat of the Earl of Kinnoul, by Mr. Miller. At Browston, Suffolk. Rev. G. R. Leathes. By the river Esk, between Brichen and Montrose. Mr. G. Don. The Editor, by the kindness of Mr. Winch, has been favoured with specimens from the neighbourhood of Newcastle. P. June. E.) THLAS'PI.* Pouch inversely heart-shaped, notched at the end; valves keeled or bordered; cells many-seeded.

T. ARVEN'SE. Pouch round and flat, (smooth: E.) leaves oblong, toothed, smooth.

(E. Bot. 1659. E.)—Ludw. 173 — Fl. Dan. 793—Blackw. 68—Matth. 567— Ger. 204. 1—J. B. ii. 923—Sheldr. 105-Dod. 712-Lob. Obs. 108. 1, and Ic. 1. 212. 2-Ger. Em. 262. 1—Park. 836. 1-H. Ox. iii. 17. 12--Pet. 50. 9.

Leaves arrow-shaped at the base, embracing the stem. Pouches deeply notched. Woodw. half an inch over, broadly winged, (forming long clusters. E.) Stem upright, about one foot high, with seven or eight membranous edges. Seeds spear-shaped, but compressed, hanging or pointing downwards. Blossom white, very small.

(SMOOTH MITHRIDATE MUSTARD, E.) or PENNY CRESS, (from a fancied resemblance to a silver penny. E.) Corn-fields, especially in a muddy soil; (not common. In waste ground on the north-east side of Norwich. Mr. Rose. Near the sea at the south end of Lowestoft. Sir J. E. Smith. Queensferry. Mr. D. Steuart. Grev. Edin. Magilligan, Derry. Mr. Murphy. E.) A. June-July.t

T. PERFOLIA'TUM. Pouch inversely heart-shaped: stem-leaves heartshaped, smooth, somewhat toothed, (embracing the branched stem: style very short. E.)

Dicks. H. S.-(Hook. Fl. Lond. E.)-Jacq. Austr. 337—(E. Bot. 2354. E.) -Cal. Ecphr. 216. 2-Tab. Hist. 851-Pet. 50. 12.

Blossom white, hardly larger than the calyx. Stamens longer than the flower; white. Anthers yellowish. Pouch like that of the common Shep herd's-purse. Linn. Stem about a foot high, upright, simple, but in gardens and rich soil branched. Leaves glaucous green, clasping the stem: lowermost egg-shaped, on leaf-stalks.

(From λaw, to strike or squeeze flat, as the seed-vessels of these plants appear. E.) + The whole plant has something of a garlic flavour. The seeds have the acrimony of mustard. When cows eat it their milk acquires a disagreeable taste. Cows, goats, and swine eat it.

PERFOLIATE SHEPHERD'S-PURSE. T. alpestre. Huds. In limestone pastures, rare. Abundant in the stone-pits between Witney and Burford, and on Burford downs, Oxfordshire. Bobart. Sir J. E. Smith suspects other British stations to be erroneous, the northern ones especially belonging to T. alpestre. E.) A. April-May. T. ALPESTRE. (Pouch obovate: stem-leaves arrow-shaped: stems simple style extended: root long, fibrous, but not creeping. E.) E. Bot. 81-Clus. ii. 131. 3-Tabern. 854. 19-Ger. Em. 268. 2-Ger. 210. 7-Park. 837. 8-Thlaspi perfoliatum minus. Ray Syn. 305. 6. Root-leaves forming a tuft. Stem single, central, flowering early; but should the plant have been eaten down by cattle, other lateral stems sometimes afterwards shoot up, flowering later. Petals white, about the length of the calyx. Anthers purplish. Seeds three or four in each cell. E. Bot.

Smith observes, that Hudson's T. montanum, (inserted in the earlier Editions of this work, on the authority of Ray and Curtis, as growing near Settle, and in many mountainous pastures between that place and Malham, E.) is certainly the T. alpestre of Linn. and that his T. alpestre is T. perfoliatum of Linn.; but it should be remarked, that Ray, in his Synopsis, p. 365, No. 4 and 6, also records two species, referring to the same figures which Limæus in the Sp. Pl. has quoted to T. montanum and T. alpestre. He likewise particularly notices the creeping root of T. montanum, a circumstance inapplicable to T. alpestre.

(ALPINE SHEPHERD'S PURSE. T. alpestre. Linn. T. montanum. Huds. With. Curt. T. foliis Globularia. Ray: according to Smith. Pastures above the ebbing and flowing well, two miles from Giggleswick, Yorkshire, in stony ground among the grass. Merret. On moist limestone pastures in Westmoreland and Cumberland. Nicholson. Limestone rocks at Matlock. Smith. (About Pont Nedd Vachn and Aberpergam, Glamorganshire; Mr. Dillwyn: also near Wince Bridge, Durham. Rev. J. Harriman. Bot. Guide. Near Nentwater, on the Moors, rare. Mr. Winch. By the side of a dingle, called Nant Bwlch yr Hiarn, about a mile from Llanrwst bridge, and not more than twenty yards from the turnpike road leading to Conway. Mr. Griffith. E.) B. July. T. BURSA-PASTO'RIS. (Plant hairy: E.) pouches compressed, somewhat triangular, inversely heart-shaped, without a border: radical leaves pinnatifid.

Ludw. 186-Curt.-(E. Bot. 1485. E.)-Blackw. 5-Walc. 5-Dod. 103. 1 -Lob. Obs. 110. 1, and Ic. i. 221. 1-Ger. Em. 276. 1—H. Ox. iii. 20. row 1. 2-Pet. 49. 4, 5, 6 and 7—Ger. 214. 1-Fuchs, 611-Trag. 215— J. B. ii. 936-Lonic. i. 139. 1-Park. 866. 1—Matth. 569.

Leaves fringed with fine hairs. Stem-leaves, the upper entire, strap-spearshaped, embracing the stem. Bunches long, flatted at the top, terminal. Calyx hairy. Petals entire, white. Summit circular, fringed, concave. Anthers a little woolly. Germen egg-shaped, compressed, with a channel

down the middle.

This plant affords a strong instance of the influence of soil and situation, for it grows almost every where, and sometimes is not more than two inches high when it flowers and perfects its seeds; whilst in other situations it attains the height of two or three feet. Linn. The plants of this

genus begin to flower long before they have attained their full size, the flowers at first forming a corymbus, but this after a while shoots out and assumes the form of a long spike-like bunch. The stem also, in its earlier stages simple, in time becomes branched, the first branches issuing from its upper part. (It varies in a barren chalky soil, with all the leaves, entire, and the stem simple, as represented in the last figure of Petiver above cited. E.)

COMMON SHEPHERD'S-PURSE. (Irish: Gassan Cailleagh. Welsh: Llys tryfal; Pwrs y bugail. Gaelic: Sporran-buachaill. E.) Among rubbish, road sides, walls, corn-fields, and gravel walks.

A. March-Sept.* COCHLEA'RIA.+ Pouch notched, but slightly turgid, rugged, bivalve, many-seeded: valves tumid.

C. OFFICINA LIS. Root-leaves heart-circular: stem-leaves oblong, a little indented: pouch globular.

(Hook. Fl. Lond. 148-E. Bot. 551. E.)—Kniph. 3—Ludw. 133—Fl. Dan. 135-Blackw. 227-Woodv. 29-Pet. 49. 1—J. B. ii. 942-Dod. 594. 1Lob. Obs. 156. 4, and Ic. i. 293. 2—Ger. Em. 401. 1-Park. 283. 2-H. Or. iii. 20. 1-Ger. 324. 1.

Stem angular, (from two or three inches to a foot high. E.) Root-leaves on long leaf-stalks, heart-kidney-shaped, fleshy, (commonly half an inch to an inch over, but we have a specimen from Cornwall measuring full two inches. E.) Stem-leaves sessile, sometimes halberd-shaped, the lower occasionally on short broad leaf-stalks. Petals fleshy, clear white. Claws greenish. Pouch either not notched at the end, or scarcely sensibly so, sometimes pointed by the style, smooth. Partition double. Seeds rough. (Smith remarks that this species may be distinguished from either C. anglica or C. danica, by its pouch, which is globular, very slightly rugose, and but indistinctly veined.

Var. 2. Scarcely differs from the preceding, except in its diminutive size, and little elongated style. Dr. Withering, after much observation, concluded it to be only a mountainous variety of C. officinalis. It is C. Groenlandica of With Ed. 4. but not of Linnæus, as clearly ascertained by Smith.

Common on the mountains about Llanberris, Carnarvonshire. Hudson. On wet ground near Whey Sike House, Teesdale: and near Coal Cleugh, Northumberland. Winch Guide. E.)

COMMON SCURVY-GRASS. (Irish: Billar traihe. dygawl. Gaelic: Biolaire. E.) Sea shores, mountains in Derbyshire, Yorkshire, Scotland, cliffs of Cheddar, Somersetshire. E.)

Welsh: Morluyau medcommon, also on inland and Wales. (Among the A. April-May.

(The young radical leaves are brought to market, in Philadelphia, and sold for greens in the spring of the year. Barton. Small birds feed on the seeds. This plant sometimes exhibits a very diseased appearance, when infested with oral white blotches of the small parasitic fungus Uredo Thlaspi ; With. vol. 4. p. 373: also represented as U. candida, in Grev. Scot. Crypt. 251, and said to affect others of the Cruciferæ, itself forming a nidus for a yet more minute parasite, Botrytis parasitica, Pers. and thus, by microscopic art, may the wonders of creation be brought to light, in a ratio almost ad infinitum. E.) +(From cochleare, a spoon; its root leaves assuming the form of a spoon or shell. E.)

Notwithstanding this is a native of the sea coast, it is cultivated in gardens without any sensible alteration of its properties, It possesses a considerable degree of acrimony,

The following metamorphosis of this Proteus-like plant is more extraordinary than any other which has occurred to my observation.

Root woody, sending out fibres. Stem none. Leaf-stalks lying close on the ground, springing from the crown of the root, very slender, about one or one and a half inch long. Leaves smooth, entire, varying from circular to heart-shaped, sometimes with a single indentation on each side, about the eighth of an inch in diameter. Fruit-stalks from the crown of the root, very slender, leafless, one to one and a half inch long, supporting a single flower. Blossom petals reflexed, very much larger than the calyx, of a bright rich lilac-colour, streaked with deeper purple lines. Pouch circular heart-shaped, two-celled, with four rough seeds in each, placed alternately, on short pedicles.

This elegant little plant grows in a rich soil in various places about Lisbon, but more particularly on the shores of the Tagus; flowering in January and February, and I never saw it there assume any other appearance, so that concluding it to be a Cochlearia, I fully concurred in opinion with my good friend the Abbé Corrêa da Sêrra that it was a species unknown to the Linnæan School. Some seeds sown in my garden at Edgbaston in the autumn of 1793, produced plants which flowered in March 1794. These agreed in every respect with the Portugal plants. In April the colour of the petals was more dilute, the whole plant larger, and much resembling C. Danica, as represented in the Fl. Dan. t. 100. In the month of May the petals became entirely white, and much smaller than those which had flowered in March: the flowers formed a corymbus, the stems grew to a foot or more in height, bearing angular leaves, and in every respect corresponding with the ordinary C. officinalis.

(The real C. Groenlandica of Linnæus, remarkable for larger and more beautiful flowers, is said to have been found by Mr. G. Don on the mountains of Clova in Augusshire, and Loch-ne-gare; but it appears doubtful whether even this may not prove a variety of C. officinalis. Sir J. E. Smith does "not venture to assert that it is a distinct species." Prof. Hooker states, "I can see no difference whatever in C. Groenlandica ; for the sinuated and toothed, or entire leaves, are extremely variable marks" and Mr. Robson, (in Hull,) observes, "C. Groenlandica by cultivation in a rich soil becomes C. officinalis; but if kept confined in a pot, retains its diminutive size." Vid. Linn. Tr. vol. x. p. 344. E. Bot. 2403. and Fl. Lond. 147. E.)

C. DAN'ICA. All the leaves deltoid, stalked: (pouch reticulated with veins. E.)

(E. Bot. 696. E.)-Fl. Dan. 100-Lob. Obs. 338. 1, and Ic. i. 615. 2-Ger. Em. 271-Park, 848. 1-J. B. ii. 939. 2-H. Ox. iii. 20. 3-Pet. 49. 3. Stems (three or four inches long, E.) not branched as in C. officinalis. Suckers trailing. All the leaves halberd-shaped, or egg-shaped, with an angle on each side of the base. Leaf-stalks not toothed at the base, or embracing the stem. Capsules egg-shaped. Linn. Blossom small, white.

which seems to reside in a very subtile essential oil.. Its effects as an antiscorbutic are universally known; (in corroboration of the testimony of physicians, may be adduced that of the circumnavigators Maartens, Egede, Anson, and others of our own country. E.) It is a powerful remedy in the pituitous asthma, and in what Sydenham calls the scorbutic rheumatism. A distilled water, and a conserve, ate prepared from the leaves, and its juice is prescribed along with that of oranges by the name of anti-scorbutic juices. It may be eaten as a salad. Cows eat it. Horses, goats, and sheep refuse it.