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gin. Welsh: Cribell melyn; Arian gwion. E.) Meadows, pastures, and woods. A. June-July.

EUPHRA'SIA.*

Cal. four-cleft: Anthers spinous: Caps.

two-celled, egg-oblong: Seeds few, reclining, striated.

E. OFFICINALIS. Leaves egg-shaped, furrowed, sharply toothed. Curt. 335-Fl. Dan. 1037—(E. Bot. 1416. E.)—Woodv. 220—Sheldr. 48— Kniph. 8-Walc.—Ludw. 135—Riv. Mon. 90. 1, Euphrasia.- H. Ox. xi. 24. 1. b.-Matth. 1022-Ger. 537. 1-Dod. 54. 3-Lob. Obs. 261. 1, and Ic. i. 491. 1-Ger. Em. 663-Park. 1329. 1-H. Ox. xi. 24. a.-Fuchs. 247-Trag. 238-J. B. iii. 432. 3-Blackw. 427.

Stems reddish, one to six inches high, pubescent. Branches in opposite pairs. Leaves sessile, mostly opposite, hairy. Calyx with five flat sides and five angles, but segments rarely five, unequal, spear-shaped, dark purple at the ends, with a few dark purple globular glands on the outside. Anthers brown, with a few white hairs on the lower part where they open. Summit fringed with minute glands round the edge. Seedvessel slightly notched, pubescent towards the top, and marked with black dots. Seeds egg-shaped. Blossoms gaping, bluish white, with purple streaks, (axillary, numerous, and elegant; subject to considerable variation in size and colour. E.)

EYE-BRIGHT. (Irish: Linn Raihairk: Luss na bainne. Welsh: Goleudrem; Effros. Gaelic: Rein-an-ruisg. E.) Heaths; dry barren meadows, mountainous pastures, and downs. A. June-Sept.t MELAMPY RUM. Cal. four-cleft: Bloss. upper lip compressed, edges reflexed: Caps. two-celled, compressed, opening on one side: Seeds two, gibbous, smooth.

M. CRISTA TUM. Spikes quadrangular: floral-leaves heart-shaped, finely toothed, closely imbricated.

E. Bot. 41—(Fl. Dan. 1104. E.)—Kniph. 11—Riv. Mon. 81. 1, M. cristatum-Pluk. 99. 2-J. B. iii. 440. 2-H. Ox. xi. 23. 2.

Whole plant nearly smooth, much branched. Stems one and a half to two feet high, sometimes roughish. Branches opposite, numerous, diverging, so that where numbers grow together they are so entangled that it is almost impossible to extricate them. Leaves nearly two inches in length,

* (From suppan, to give joy, as by its reputed power of restoring impaired vision. E.) + It is a weak astringent, and was formerly in repute as a specific opthalmic. It flourishes most when surrounded by plants taller than itself. Cows, horses, goats, and sheep eat it. Swine refuse it. (It is supposed to be an ingredient in Rowley's British herb tobacco and snuff. Though the medicinal properties of Eyebright have long fallen into discredit, frequent mention is made of them in the older writers: and Milton, probably with no small personal feeling in his days of darkness, thus alludes to them:

"But to nobler sights

Michael from Adam's eyes the film remov'd,
Which that false fruit that promis'd clearer sight
Had bred; then purg'd with Euphrasy and rue
The visual nerve, for he had much to see." E.)

(From eλos, black; and wupos, wheat; communicating a grey colour when mixed with wheat flour. E.)

opposite, sessile, strap-shaped but taper-pointed, those below the branches reflexed, on the branches horizontal. Spikes terminating the stem and branches. Floral-leaves purplish, large, the middle tooth lengthened out into a long awl-shaped point bent downward, very long at the bottom of the spike, shorter upwards, but all more or less so; sides doubled together, closely pressed together at the edges, forming a square head with hollow sides, having the horns at the angles. Woodw. (Blossom purplish, bordered with cream-colour. Caps. crescent-shaped, with two large seeds in each cell. Sm. E.)

CRESTED COW-WHEAT. Woods of Cambridgeshire and Bedfordshire plentifully; and among corn at Waltingfield, near Wakefield. Ripton wood, Huntingdonshire, (and near Ixworth, Suffolk. E.) Mr. Woodward. (In Maple-bush lane, Gressenhall, Norfolk. Mr. Crowe. Fl. Brit. E.) A. June-July.

M. ARVEN'SE. Spikes conical, loose: floral-leaves with bristle-shaped teeth, coloured.

(Hook. Fl. Lond. 63. E.)-Fl. Dan. 911-E. Bot. 53—Riv. Mon. 80, M. ar◄ vense-Kniph. 1—Clus. ii. 45. 1—Ger. Em. 90. 3—J. B. iii. 439. 2-H. Or. xi. 23, row 1. 1-Dod. 541. 2-Lob. Obs. 23. 1, and Ic. i. 37, Trit. vacc.-Ger. Em. 90. 1-Park. 1327. 4-Trag. 663.

Stem upright, (about two feet high, purplish, quadrangular, E.) slightly hairy, branched. Leaves opposite, spear-shaped, lengthened out into a very long point, nearly sessile, slightly downy. Flowers in an oval head, (gradually lengthening out. E.) Floral-leaves long, spear-shaped, wingcleft, with teeth at the base, entire upwards. Woodw. Blossom large, yellow and dusky purple. (Segments of the calyx peculiarly long, linear coloured: seeds two in each cell, though often by abortion solitary. Sm. E.)

PURPLE COW-WHEAT. Corn-fields. Near Lycham, Norfolk. Sherard.
Horsley Bath, near Beeston Castle, Cheshire. Costesy, near Norwich.
Mr. Crowe Bixley, near Norwich. Mr. Woodward. (In the common
field at Sporle, Norfolk, especially among wheat. Rev. J. S. Watts, in
Bot. Guide. E.)
A. July.*
M. PRATEN'SE. Flowers axillary, unilateral: leaves in distant pairs:
blossom closed: (lower-lip protruded. E.)

E. Bot. 113-Kniph. 11-Walc. M. sylvaticum-Ger. 84. 1 and 2-Clus. ii. 44. 2-Lob. Obs. 22. 2, Ic. i. 36. 2—Ger. Em. 91. 1-Park. 1326. 1—H. Or. xi. 23. 3.

Leaves spear-shaped, greatly tapering towards the point, all serrated, but the serratures extremely fine, and the edges of the leaves rather turned back; they are not very readily seen. Stem feeble, (12 to 18 inches high, sometimes nearly decumbent, E.) cylindrical towards the bottom, quadrangular upwards. Calyx purplish without; segments with minute stiff bristles along the edge; the two upper longer. Blossom of a full yellow, very much compressed; the notch in the upper lip barely perceptible; lower lip with two orange-coloured rising plaits; tube straw-coloured. Filaments four, supporting what appears a single anther, which is eggshaped, compressed, hairy at the edges, and opening at the front edge,

(By some considered sufficiently beautiful to merit cultivation in our gardens. E.) The seeds, when ground with corn, give a bitterness and greyish cast to the bread, but do not make it unwholesome. (They somewhat resemble fine grains of wheat; whence the English name, E.) Cows and goats eat it. Sheep refuse it.

divisible into four portions, but as readily breaking in any other direction; after flowering separating into two or four parts. Style corresponding to the bend of the upper lip of the blossom, rising over the anther, and presenting its summit to the opening, whence the pollen escapes. Seed-vessel a yellow glandular substance at the base on the fore part, doubled down, and so brittle as not to admit being straightened. The teeth at the base of the leaves, particularly of those next the flowers, sufficiently distinguish this from M. sylvaticum, in which all the leaves are entire. The lower lip of the blossom in M. sylvaticum is turned downwards and outwards, in M. pratense it turns upwards and inwards, mouth closed, not gaping, as in the first-named species.

COMMON YELLOW Cow-WHEAT. (Welsh: Gliniogai melyn. E.) (Fre quent in woods and thickets, especially in clayey soil. E.)

Sometimes mistaken for M. sylvaticum, probably because it grows in like situations; thus too much attention to a trivial name may be the occa sion of error.

Var. 2. Blossom white, with two yellow spots on the lower lip. Ray.
Woods and thickets, in soil that retains moisture. Frequent in Norfolk
and Suffolk. Woodward. In woods near the road from Birmingham to
Hales Owen; and at Edgbaston.
A. July-Aug.*

M. SYLVATICUM. Flowers unilateral: leaves in distant pairs: blossom widely gaping, lip deflexed. E.)

(Hook. Fl. Lond. 176—E. Bot. 804. E.)-Fl. Dan. 145-Kniph. 9. Stem above one foot high. Leaves very entire, all of them undivided, very long, spear-shaped. (In general habit resembling the preceding; but blossoms only half the size, and entirely yellow, the lower lip not extending beyond the upper. E.)

(SMALL-FLOWERED COW-WHEAT. E.) Woods and shady places: not common. In the way from Taymouth to Lord Breadalbane's cascade, and about Finlarig, at the head of Loch Tay. Lightfoot. Wick Cliffs, Somersetshire. Mr. Swayne. Woods at Castle Howard. Teesdale. Rydal, Westmoreland. Mr. J. Woods, jun. Woods near Hanwood; near Bedston, Ludlow. Dr. Evans. Banks of the Tees above Middleton; Egleston wood. Rev. J. Harriman. At Wince Bridge, Teesdale. Mr. Brunton. Scale Hill, Cumberland. Mr. J. Woods, jun. Bot Guide. Side of Bala Pool, on the rock above Llanycil. Mr. Griffith. Banks of the Llugwy, by the fall of Rhaiader y Wenoel. B. Botfield, Esq. Moness, and at Corra Lyn. Mr. Winch. Woods about Abergavenny, at the foot of the Sugar Loaf, in great plenty. Purton. E.) A. June-Aug.t

LATHREA. Germen with a depressed gland at its base: Caps. one-celled; receptacles lateral, sponge-like.

Where this plant abounds, the butter is yellow, and uncommonly rich. Swine relish the seeds. Sheep and goats eat it. Cows are very fond of it. Horses and swine refuse it.

+ Cows, sheep, and goats eat it; and with a plentiful allowance of it soon grow fat, (but the butter obtained from such pasturage has been observed by Linnæus to be of a deep saffron or reddish hue. E.)

# (From λapatos, secret; descriptive of the shady recesses in which only it is found. E.)

L. SQUAMARIA. Stem undivided: flowers pendulous: lower-lip trifid. Dicks. H.S.-E. Bot. 50-Fl. Dan. 136-Riv. Mon. 89. 2, Squamaria-Barr. - 80-H. Ox. xii. 16. 14-Matth. 964-Ger. 1387. 1—J. B. iii. 783. 2— Blackw. 430-Dod. 553. 1-Park. 1363. 4-Clus. ii. 120. 1-Ger. Em: 1585. 1-H. Ox. xii. 16. 11.

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Root beaded (with white, fleshy, imbricating scales. E.) Root-leaves none. Stem-leaves membranous, coloured. Branches none. Blossom, lower lip white. Linn. (Smith considers the real root to be fibrous and parasitical, and what is usually described as such, a subterraneous portion of stem. Flowering stem rising at right angles from the lower hori zontal portion. Plant, in singularity of habit, approaching Orobanche. E.) Stem naked, except sometimes one or two oval scales. Flowers in a spike, from one side of the stem, in a double (or treble, E.) row. Floral-leaves roundish-oval, large, reddish, one at the base of each fruit- stalk, forming a double line opposite to the flowers. Calyx gibbous, segments equal, bluntish. Blossom, upper lip rather short, lopped. Woodw. Blossom pale purple except the lower lip. (Stem six to twelve inches high, many (sometimes thirty to forty) flowered, brittle, upright, fleshy, purplish. Summit notched. Anthers protruding, hairy. E.) GREATER TOOTH-WORT.* (In Woods and shady places, impervious to the sun, which may partly account for its paiid, sickly aspect. E.) Maidstone, Kent. Ray. Harefield, (Middlesex, in a shady lane leading to the river. Blackstone. Thickets below Conzick-Scar, near Kendal. Studley, Mackershaw, and other woods, Yorkshire. Mr. Brunton. E.) Not invariably confined to shady woods, but its choice of situation is determined by other causes; sometimes it is found in very light dry soil, and so entangled with the roots of some neighbouring tree, especially of Hazel, that I have reason to believe it parasitical. Mr. Gough. At the roots of trees in a wood near Gainsford, Durham. Mr. Robson. Pleasly Park, Derbyshire. Mr. Hallows. At the roots of old trees in Smallcomb wood; and in the shady walks of Prior Park, near Bath. Mr. Sole. In Leigh wood, near Bristol. Mr. Dyer. Benthal Edge, Coalbrook Dale; and shrubbery at Bitterley Court, near Ludlow. Dr. Evans, in Bot. Guide. No longer to be found at Garreg wen near Garn, (as stated in Bot. Guide,) the spot on which it grew having been washed away by floods. Mr. Griffith. Beech wood beyond Custom Scrubs, Bisley, near Painswick. Mr. Oade Roberts. In Cocken woods, Durham. Sheepley wood on Tees, and Lumlay wood. Mr. Winch. In St. Catherine's wood, Dublin. Wade. Arniston woods, abundant. Mr. G. Don. Grev. Edin. In Church-litten-coppice, under some hazels, near the foot-bridge, in Trimming's garden hedge, and on the dry wall opposite Grange-yard, Selborne. White's Nat. Hist. E.)t P. April-May. PEDICULA RIS+ Blossom ringent, upper lip compressed: Caps. two-celled: Seeds few, angular, pointed. E.)

P. PALUSTRIS. Stem solitary, branched: calyx crested with callous dots: lip of the blossom oblique.

(This trivial from the resemblance of the scaly roots to human teeth. E.)

+(A fact recorded by Mr. J. Murray, in Mag. Nat. Hist. that a plant of this kind, transplanted from its original site into a garden, there continued to flourish, has been supposed to militate against the idea of its being parasitic; but is, perhaps, not absolutely conclusive. E.)

(From pediculus, a louse; from its imaginary property of infesting sheep with such vermin. E.)

(E. Bot. 399. E.)-Riv. Mon. 92. 1, Pedicularis-Pet. 36. 3-Ger. 913. Stem about a foot high, angular, purplish. Leaves winged. Leafits wingcleft. Flowers solitary, sessile, axillary. Calyx bilabiate, opening sidewise; segments cloven and jagged, two of them bordered with leafy appendages. Blossom purple, sometimes white; helmet with a little tooth on each side, not notched at the end; lower lip fringed with fine soft hairs.

MARSH LOUSEWORT. (Irish: Luss Riah. Welsh: Melawg y waun. E.) Marches, ditches, moist meadows, and pastures. P. June-July. P. SYLVATICA. (Stems several, simple, spreading: E.) calyx oblong, angular, smooth: lip of the blossom heart-shaped.

(E. Bot. 400. E.)-Clus. ii. 111. 1-Dod. 556. 1-Lob. Obs. 431. 3, and Ic. i. 748. 2-Ger. Em. 1071. 2-Park. 713. 1-H. Ox. xi. 23. 13-Fl. Dan. 225-Pet. 36. 4-Trag. 250-Lonic. i. 148. 2.

Stem three to six inches high. Branches trailing. Floral-leaves deeply divided segments toothed. Calyx angular, green within, purplish without, nearly half as long as the blossom, one of the clefts much deeper, segments toothed, that opposite to the deepest cleft the narrowest. Blossom purple, rather large and showy, much more slender than the calyx. Tube compressed. Upper lip with a little tooth on each side. Lower lip with three divisions, the middle segment a little smaller. Filaments, the two taller hairy towards the top. (Root-leaves simple, eggshaped, scolloped. E.) (DWARF LOUSEWORT. Irish: Moahlin Monah. Mel y cwm. E.) Wet pastures and heaths. Var. 2. Fl. alb. Blossoms white.

Welsh: Melsugn y borfa;
P. June-July.t

Near Redruth, Cornwall, towards the sea. Mr. Watt. Near Berkhamsted. Mr. Woodward. (Plas Newydd farm, Llangoed, Anglesey. Rev. Hugh Davies. E.)

(A remarkable variety has been gathered in Sutherland by the Marquis of Stafford, and also by Messrs. Hooker and Borrer, with a solitary flower, which instead of its proper ringent form, with two long and two short stamens, has a salver-shaped regular blossom, with six stamens, four of which are longer than the others. Goleopsis Tetrahit, and the various species of Antirrhinum have been observed also to exhibit similar appearances occasionally. Linn. Tr. vol. 10. p. 227. E.)

ANTIRRHI'NUM. Calyx with five divisions: Bloss. closed

by a palate, either projecting at the base, or spurred;

This plant is an unwholesome guest in meadows, being very disagreeable to cattle, (and sometimes almost overpowering the grasses. The spread of its seeds should be prevented as far as possible. E.) Goats eat it. Horses, sheep, and cows refuse it. Swine are not fond of it.

The expressed juice, or a decoction of this plant, has been used with advantage as an injection for sinuous ulcers. It is said that if the healthiest flock of sheep be fed with it, they become scabby and scurfy in a short time; the wool will become loose, and they will be over-run with vermin. Cows and swine refuse it.

(From arì, instead of; and pl, a snout; (Calves'-snout,) so called because the figure of the flower in certain species, (e. g. A. Orontium), resembles the snout of a calf. E.)

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