(NU'PHAR. Cal. five or six-leaved: Pet. numerous, inserted with the stamens on the receptacle, furrowed and bearing honey at their backs: Berry many-celled, coated. E.) N. LUTE'A. (Leaves heart-shaped, the lobes approximating: calyx fiveleaved, much larger than the petals: border of the stigma entire: foot-stalks two-edged. E.) (Hook. Fl. Lond. 141. E.)-Fl. Dan. 603—Blackw. 497. a and b, and 499. 1— E. Bot. 159-Lonic. i. 177. 2—Kniph. 3—Fuchs. 536—Trag. 697—J. B. iii. 771-Matth. 894-Clus. ii. 77. 2-Dod. 585. 2-Lob. Obs. 324. 2. and Ic. i. 594. 2-Ger. Em. 819. 2-Park. 1252, 5-Pet. 71. 3—Ger, 672. 2. Leaves egg-shaped, with a deep notch at the base, (floating on the surface of water, very large and smooth. E.) Calyx, leaves yellow, except at the base on the outside, where they are green. Petals fleshy, golden yellow. Stamens after shedding their pollen reflexed. Seed-vessel, cells often more than fifteen, (egg-shaped, in a degree beaked, smooth. Flowers on long fruit-stalks, two inches in diameter, concave cylindrical. Seed-vessel bursting irregularly when ripe. E.) stalks in deep water. It may be propagated by transplanting the bulbous roots in winter. Mr. Stackhouse. Botanists often affect to despise the labours of the Florist, who wishes, by multiplying the petals, to produce double flowers, stigmatizing them by the name of monsters. They may be monsters; but they are beautiful monsters. Who does not admire the flower of the double-blossomed cherry? And when, as in the White Water Lily, the petals are naturally multiplied to a great degree, he who turns away with disdain from this splendid object of creation, must be fastidious indeed. The petals gradually lessen as they approach the centre of the flower, where the outer filaments expanding in breadth, assume the form of petals, as is generally the case in the double flowers of gardens. (In Japan, either natural or artificial White Water Lilies, as the symbols of purity, are borne on poles before the corpse in funeral processions. The fervid imagination of the Eastern poet represents the eyes of his mistress as rivalling the sun itself in awakening the Water-lily; causing it, in error, to emerge from its watery couch. But, discarding metaphor, the economy of this plant is indeed particularly worthy of notice. Emulating the sacred Lotos of the Nile, the flowers arise and expand as the sun gains its ascendancy, close towards evening, and in that state either repose through the night reclining on the bosom of the water, or actually sunk beneath its surface, till revived by the return of day; when "The Water-lily to the light Her chalice rears of silver bright." Scott. "Those virgin Lilies, all the night The action of the stimulus of light in this instance is peculiarly obvious, expanding, and thereby raising the flower, as Sir J. E. Smith interprets, "that the pollen may reach the stigma uninjured afterwards, by contraction, losing its buoyancy and sinking from its own weight, as the more ponderous fruit ultimately does to the muddy bottom, therein gradually decomposing into a gelatinous mass, and depositing its seeds. E.) The tuberous roots are used in Ireland, and in the island of Jura, to dye a dark brown; (they have been esteemed narcotic. E.) Swine eat it. Goats are not fond of it. Cows and horses refuse it. (Both the species support Aphis aquatilis and Leptura aquatica. This superb flower must constitute the chief decoration of ornamental ponds, or basins. Chinese carps, (Cyprinus auratus), are said to delight in the shade of its expansive foliage. Oxygen gas is copiously evolved in bubbles from the leaves. In Turkey and Greece an agreeable cordial beverage is prepared from the leaves and flowers. Sturm. The orientals consider the large roots of this tribe of plant as esculent: whether our species may be rendered innoxious by boiling might be worthy of experiment. E.) YELLOW WATER LILY OF WATER-CAN. (Irish: Cohinih Auhun. Welsh: Bultis; Lili melyn y dwr. N. lutea. Sm. Prodr. Fl. Gr. Hook. Fl. Scot. Nymphaea lutea. Linn. &c. E.) Slow rivers, pools, and ditches. River Avon, at Pershore. Mr. Ballard. (In the river Alt, by Formby, near Liverpool. Mr. Shepherd. E.) Common in the rivers and lakes of Norfolk and Suffolk. Mr. Woodward. Mere, near Scarborough. Mr. Travis. (In the loughs, near Shewing Shields, Northumberland. Winch Guide. In a piece of water entering the lawn, at Brockhall, Northamptonshire. E.) P. July-Aug. (Var. 2. Lesser Yellow Water Lily. N. pumila. Hoffm. Sm. Hook. Fl. Lond. t. 165. N. minima. E. Bot. 2292. Nymphaea lutea ß minima. Willd. Differs from the commoner kind in being throughout only one half its size, the leaves scarcely attaining three inches in length and two in breadth; the blossom not an inch over when fully expanded; but especially in its deeply toothed, green bordered stigma, and compressed foot-stalks. This interesting plant has been communicated to us by the kindness of N. J. Winch, Esq. who remarks that it is precisely N. lutea in miniature, and that the specific marks of the stigma toothed, or entire, are fallacious, as depending on the age of the seed-vessel. Discovered in 1809 by Mr. W. Borrer in the lake near the farm of Corrie Chastel, at the foot of Ben-Cruachan; also in Loch Baladren. Loch of Monteith, Sterlingshire, between the islands and the shore. Mr. Arnott. Loch Duble, near Inverary. Mr. Maughan. In a small lake at the back of the inn of Aviemore. Hooker. Chartners Lough, on the Wallington Moors, Northumberland; J. Trevelyan, Esq.; by whom transplanted to fish ponds, and there observed to flourish for fifteen years beside N. lutea, still retaining its diminutive size; though some writers have asserted a contrary tendency. E.) TILIA.† Bloss. five petals: Cal. with five divisions, deciduous: Capsule nearly globular, five-celled, five-valved, coriaceous, opening at the base. T. EUROPE'A. Flowers without a nectary: (leaves cordato-acuminate, serrate: pericarp roundish, more or less angular and ligneous. E.) (Hook. Fl. Lond. 190-E. Bot. 610. E.)-Ludw. 48-Kniph. 10-Sheldr. 50-Hunt. Evel. at p. 201. i. p. 194. Ed. 2d-Fl. Dan. 553-Blackw. 469Matth. 174-Ger. 1298. 1-Dod. 838-Lob. Obs. 606. 1, and Ic. ii. 188. 1 -Ger. Em. 1483. 1-Park. 1407. 2-Lonic. i. 33. 3-Fuchs. 862-J. B. i. b. 133-Trag. 1110. * The roots rubbed with milk destroy crickets and cockroaches. Swine eat it. Goats are not fond of it. Cows, sheep, and horses refuse it. Linn. Ray observes that the flowers smell like brandy, (whence in some parts of England, in reference also to the remarkable form of the fruit, the plant is denominated Brandy-bottle. The Greeks prepare a cordial from its flowers. E.) An infusion of a pound of the fresh root to a gallon of water, taken in the dose of a pint, night and morning, cured a leprous eruption of the arm. (The leaves and flowers are employed in tanning; the root is still better for that purpose. Fl. Lond. This species, though less attractive than the preceding one, has an enlivening effect in combination with the other, and should be encouraged "To spread its golden orbs upon the dimpling wave." E.) +(Supposed to be derived from rλov, a feather; alluding to the appearance of the flowers and floral-leaves. E.) Floral-leaf yellowish green, nearly as long as the fruit-stalks, and attached to it for about half its length. A large and stately tree. Bark smooth. Blossoms small, fragrant, yellowish white, cymose, pendulous. Branches smooth, when young often tinged with red. Leaves alternate, on leafstalks, ramifications of the veins underneath hairy. Calyx woolly at the edge. Petals blunt, concave. Stamens thread-shaped. Stigma fivecloven. E.) LIME TREE. LINDEN TREE. (Welsh: Pisgwydden; Gwaglwyfen. E.) (The Lime tree, the "Tiliæ læves" of the Mantuan bard, has been lauded in every age: though the Venusean courtier affects to despise the wonted assistance of its tender shreds to secure the effeminate decoration of his own person, "Displicent nexæ Philyra coronæ." Od. xviii. "Ribands from the Linden tree Give a wreath no charms for me." Sannazaro distinguished it by the epithet incorruptible, “la incorrutibile Tiglia ;” non sente mai corrotione di sorte alcuna; " probably alluding to the imperishable nature of its papyraceous bark. This bark also possesses the almost peculiar property of being exempt from the depredations of hares. "The Line or Linden tree," saith Gerard, "waxeth very greate and thicke, spreading foorth his branches wide and far abroad, being a tree which yeeldeth a most pleasant shadow, under and within whose boughes may be made brave sommer houses and banketting arbors." p. 1298. The whole of Evelyn's description is peculiarly animated. He concludes, "Is there a more ravishing or delightful object, than to behold some entire streets and whole towns planted with these trees, in even lines before their doors, so as they even seem like cities in a wood? This is extremely fresh, of admirable effect against the epilepsy, for which the delicately scented blossoms are held prevalent, and skreen the houses both from winds, sun, and dust, than which there can be nothing more desirable where streets are much frequented: for thus "The stately Lime, smooth, gentle, straight, and fair, With verdant locks, and fragrant blossoms deckt, Dr. Hunter adds: "The Lime is a handsome picturesque tree, forming a beautiful cone by its branches, and maintaining its body taper and straight; and as it will grow to a large size, it is very proper to be planted for avenues; it also makes a beautiful detached object in parks and open places. Although the leaves fall off very early in the autumn, "Those virgin leaves, of purest vivid green, Which charm'd ere yet they trembled on the trees, The Lime first-fading;" Yet it immediately makes amends by exhibiting its beautiful, red twigs; for which reason the red-twigged Lime should always be preferred for these purposes. If planted in a rich and loamy earth, wherein it chiefly delights, the growth of it will be almost incredible. In the pleasure-ground of the palace at Bishopthorpe, belonging to the Archbishop of York, there is a noble walk of stately Lime trees, which exceeds any thing of the kind in this island: 66 a pillar'd shade High overarch'd." At Depeham, in Norfolk, a Lime tree, the "Tilia Colossea Depemensis" of Evelyn, measured at some distance above the ground thirty-six feet girt, and rose to a height of ninety feet. Strutt delineates one in Moor park, Hertfordshire, seventeen feet girt at three feet from the ground, and one hundred feet high; containing eight hundred and seventyfive feet of saleable timber, and which struck out nineteen horizontal branches from sixty to VOL. III. F Var. 2. Leaves unequally serrated: fruit cottony: cells five. Du Roi. SMALL-LEAVED LIME or LINDEN TREE. BAST. T. cordata. Mill. Du Roi. Essex, Sussex, and Lincolnshire. Ray. (We incline to think seventy feet long:-also another in Cobham park, at the base measuring twenty-eight feet, and ninety feet in height. The recollection of our readers will readily refer to several spacious areas in English towns adorned with these trees, (and to St. James's Park, planted at the suggestion of Evelyn,) in the manner so much admired in Holland and Flanders. This species prevails more generally in Germany and the Netherlands, whence it is supposed to have been introduced into England, temp. Eliz. In regard to its claim to be strictly indigenous of Britain, we consider it may rank among the dubia, as the Chesnut and some others. A Lime tree in the immediate vicinity of Newstadt was for many ages so remarkable as to occasion that city to be called "Newstadt ander grossen Linden," and to attract the attention of many illustrious visitors, who have left tokens of their admiration. The celebrated Lime of Cleves was also of great magnificence. In the middle of the tree was cut a room of considerable dimensions, while the external parts were most curiously trimmed and tortured in the highest style of genuine Dutch taste. Peculiarly attractive is the Lime, Diffusing odours." at eve Not, however, limited in this respect to any particular hour, but rather by the soft humidity which then pervades the atmosphere, and proves a favourable medium. Nor yet uninstructive; for there do countless animated atoms, impelled by instinct alone, impart lessons of wisdom to the higher prerogative, and, with unceasing toil, mock the best efforts of human industry. The Lime tree supports Sphinx Tiliæ; Phalana lanestris, dispar, antiqua, Psi, Bucephala; Aphis Tiliæ; Acarus telarius; (Geometra Alniaria, and G. erosaria. The galls on the leaves are often the nidus of Curculio contractus, though similar excrescences are more frequently occasioned by different species of Cynips. Few trees are more subject to honey-dew than the Lime. Especially in sultry seasons the leaves become enveloped in a viscous substance, (which, stopping up the pores, proves extremely injurious), and loaded with black Aphides. The most accurate history of this phenomenon will be found in Linn. Tr. vol. vi. Mr. Curtis therein proves that the egesta of various species of Aphides will fully account for the glutinous and saccharine liquid so frequently observable on the leaves of Lime trees, certain kinds of Willow, Hops, and other plants; refuting the erroneous ideas of this kind of blight being occasioned by any peculiar state of the atmosphere, or by clouds of insects conveyed by a prevalent wind. A single female Aphis will produce nearly one hundred young ones, which quickly take possession of the under surface of leaves, and with a pointed instrument of proboscis construction pierce the plant and imbibe the vital juices for their own support. The sweet and viscous liquid voided on the superior surfaces of the leaves below affords a welcome repast to flies, ants, wasps, and other insects, but not to bees, who appear decidedly to prefer extracting for themselves more genuine honey from the fragrant flowers. The clammy matter appearing on the upper surface of the foliage may account for the vulgar supposition and name of Honey-dew, as descending from the atmosphere. Aphides abound in hot dry seasons. Mr. Curtis insists that there never exists any honey-dew but where there are Aphides; and that accumulated saccharine substance, and no other cause, occasions the sooty appearance, sometimes mistaken for a black mildew. Heavy rains may mechanically remove the Aphides, but that they are not readily destroyed, even by immersion in water for a length of time, has been experimentally proved. In stoves fumigation with tobaccosmoke will kill them, but in the open air artificial remedies are seldom applicable, and this scourge of the vegetable kingdom must be left to the natural destroyer the Coccinella, or Lady-bird, (who, though a favourite with many, has been too little valued for her important services,) and the Ichneumon Aphidum, who does not destroy as the former insect, primarily by devouring, but by puncturing the body of the Aphis, and therein depositing its own egg. This quickly hatches to a small larva, which feeds on the substance of the Aphis, till, having consumed the interior, it changes to a chrysalis, and ultimately escapes from the usurped T. parvifolia of Ehrhart and E. Bot. 1705, T. microphylla of Ventenat, and T. Europea ẞ of Fl. Brit. no other than this variety. Woods about Pont Nedd Vechn, Glamorganshire. Mr. E. Forster, jun. Near Lord inflated skin, an Ichneumon fly. Muscæ Aphidivoræ feed entirely on Aphides, their larva deposited amidst the innumerable host contributing their full share to diminish these despoilers of Flora. Nor are some of the smaller birds unassisting in rescuing the vegetable tribes from enemies, who, though "A feeble race, yet oft The sacred sons of vengeance, on whose course Neither does the skilful farmer, "While they pick them up with busy bill, Thomson. Unfavourable weather may produce blight by its own distinct operation, as the dry frosty wind principally affecting the blossoms, and causing them to fall off prematurely or the south or south-west wind, unaccompanied by insects, the effects of which are visible in the burnt appearance of the leaves and shoots exposed to that quarter; but the prevalence of Aphides, often, indeed, appearing after a north-east wind, is by far the more general cause : though not “Engender'd by the hazy north.” E.) The Lime flourishes best on the sides of hills, but it will live very well in meadow grounds. It is easily transplanted, (even of a large size, and the method recommended by Sir Henry Steuart, of Allanton, seems likely to ensure success, Vid. the "Planter's Guide." E.) Grass grows beneath it; it is useful to form shady walks and clipped hedges. (Exotic species are successfully engrafted on it. A sort of coarse stuff is prepared and worn by the shepherds of Carniola, from the outer bark. E.) The wood is soft, light, and smooth; close grained, and not subject to the worm, (the chief material for the elegant Tunbridge ware. E.) It makes good charcoal for gunpowder and for designers. It is used for leather-cutters' boards and for carved work. (The fruits, flowers, &c. of the celebrated sculptor Gibbons, (patronised in the reign of Charles II. and designated the English Lysippus), were all executed in this delicate material, (of which an eminent example is the choir of St. Paul's cathedral), "Smooth Linden best obeys The carver's chisel; best his curious work It is also employed by the turner. The leaves are dried in some countries as winter food for sheep and goats. Cows eat them in the autumn; but they give a bad taste to the milk. The bark, macerated in water, may be made into ropes and fishing nets. (The inner bark separates into tough layers, called Bast, and this is manufactured into Russian matting, serviceable to gardeners for protecting fruit trees; also for various purposes of packing. E.) The flowers are fragrant, and afford the best honey for bees, (notwithstanding the adverse sentiment of Columella), of which Virgil was aware, as appears from his beautiful description of the industrious Corycian, wherein he connects the Lime, as also the Pine, with his apiary. "Et spumantia cogere pressis Mella favis; illi Tiliæ, atque uberrima Pinus." The famous Kowno honey is made exclusively from the blossoms of this tree. The Lipez or genuine Linden honey, is, Pallas assures us, of a greenish colour, and delicious favour. It is taken from the hive immediately after the Lime tree has been in blossom. The ancestors of our great naturalist are said to have derived their surnames of Lindelius, Tiliander, and Linnæus, from a large Linden tree which grew on his native farm. The inhabitants of Switzerland make a favourite beverage from the flowers. Dr. Chandler tells us that in the South of France, an infusion of the blossoms is esteemed as a remedy for coughs and hoarseness. At Nismes, they are eagerly gathered, dried, and kept for these purposes. Tea of Lime blossoms is a soft, well-flavoured saccharine julep, in taste much |