(R. GLANDULO'SUs. Stems angular: branches and foot-stalks hairy, with glandular bristles interspersed prickles deflexed, partly hooked: leafits five to three, downy beneath: panicle and calyx very prickly and hairy, with copious glandular bristles. Stems nearly as stout at the base as those of R. fruticosus, but not so tall. Calyx hairy, copiously glandular, and more or less armed with straight prickles. The last character, and the prominent glandular bristles of the branches, panicle, and calyx, mark this species well. Petals white, narrow. Fruit black, of numerous, rather small, grains. Calyx reflexed. GLANDULAR BRAMBLE. R. glandulosus. Bellardi. De Cand. In woods thickets, and hedges, not uncommon. Sm. Eng. Fl. E.) (Also nearly allied to R. fruticosus, though as yet but imperfectly understood, are several plants, which some foreign authors have attempted to discriminate as species, but which can here be only noticed cursorily to attract further attention: viz. R. plicatus. Prickles smaller than in R. fruticosus; leafits larger, their under surface hoary and finely downy, but not white or cottony: panicle shorter and more corymbose, hairy, not white and downy, nor does it bear scarcely any glandular bristles, according to Smith. E.) (R. rhamnifolius. Prickles more slender, narrower at the base, and less hooked than in R. fruticosus or plicatus: leafits downy and hairy, with shining white hairs interspersed, beneath, but not pure white and cottony as in R. fruticosus: calyx spreading, not closely reflexed even when in fruit: segments without bristles or prickles. Sm. E.) R. leucostachys. In size and mode of growth resembling R. fruticosus and rhamnifolius; but, according to Mr. Borrer, is distinguishable by its abundant shaggy and shining pubescence, and narrow cluster or panicle. Leaves more jagged, and even the old stems are rarely without hairs. Smith adduces, as a further peculiarity, little glands, scattered over the branches and stalks of the panicle and outside o. the calyx. E.) (R. nitidus. A slender plant, with no hoariness, except about the edges and inside of the calyx. Leaves minutely hairy, but not hoary, with tion. In Journ. Nat. we find represented, (Pl. iv. f. 3,) what may be frequently observed to disfigure the leaves of this plant, viz., a strongly defined line, meandering over the surface, with a fine intestinal-like line running through the centre. This sinuous course proves to be the pathway of a small caterpillar, (of the tribe Mincuses of Reaumur,) which lives upon the parenchyma, or pulpy substance found between the cuticles of the leaves, gradually increasing in size until matured for transformation to the chrysalis, when the insect cuts its way through the leaf, ultimately becoming a moth, remarkable for the brilliant metallic lustre of its wings, the fine central line being the rejectments of the creature in the infant stages of its growth. The author of the above cited work further remarks, "This sadly reprobated plant will flourish greatly, where other and better fences languish, and then, by intertwining its long flexible runners with the weakly products of the hedge-row, will compose a guard, where, without it, we could with difficulty have raised one. Its long tendrils are much used as binding for thatching, being pegged down to prevent the straw coverings of ricks, and such things, being carried away by the winds. Badgers are said to feed much upon the fruit of the Bramble, though probably more so on acorns and crabs."-The leaves of the Bramble are often spotted yellow or brown by Puccinia Rosa. Hecla Rubi will also be found upon them. A double flowering variety is considered ornamental in plantations. E) strong prickly mid-ribs. The authors of "Rubi Germanici" indicate two varieties, one with rose-coloured flowers and acid fruit; the other with white flowers and sweet fruit. Sm. E.) (R. affinis. Nearly related to the last, as Dr. Weihe observes, but distinguished from it by its hairy, or hoary, sometimes densely downy, panicle: by a much more hoary calyx; and leafits larger, more pliant, scarcely ever hoary. Sm. E.) (2) Herbaceous. R. SAXATILIS. (Leaves ternate: stems ascending, slightly prickly, herbaceous, with prostrate runners: panicle with few flowers: calyx of the fruit converging; without prickles or glands. E.) Hook. Fl. Lond. 154-E. Bot. 2233. E.)-Clus. i. 118. 1-Ger. Em. 1273. 4- Ger. 1090. 3-Park. 1014. 4-J. B. ii. 61. (Mode of growth resembling that of the Strawberry. Sm. Leaves only two or three. E.) Leafits generally one on a leaf-stalk, and the rest sessile, sometimes all on leaf-stalks, sometimes all sessile; cut-serrated, pale green, slightly hairy underneath. Fruit composed of a few, (one, two, or three, E.) large granulations, when ripe, of a beautiful clear pink, and a pleasant sub-acid flavour. Blossom purple, or white. Woodw. (Whole herb of a slender, delicate habit. Stems solitary, erect, unbranched, a span high. Panicle terminal, of a few small, greenish-white flowers, with a pointed calyx and narrow upright petals. E. Bot. E.) STONE BRAMBLE. (ROEBUCK BERRIES, in the Highlands of Scotland. Irish: Soon-a-man meene. Gaelic: Caora-bada miann; Ruiteaga. E.) Among stones on the sides of mountains in Yorkshire, Cumberland, and Westmoreland. Llyn y Cwn, near Snowdon. Pennant. Woods about Settle and Ingleton, and not far from the summit of Helsfelnab, near Kendal. Curtis. Helk's Wood, by Ingleton, Yorkshire. Hills opposite Matlock Bath. In Dob Bottom, a deep, woody, rocky dell, opposite the Holme, near Burnley, Lancashire. Mr. Woodward. (Woods at Roslin. Mr. Borrer, in E. Bot. In the wood beyond the Strid, at Bolton. Hailstone, in Whitaker's Craven. East side of Seamer Moor, near Scarborough. Mr. Travis. Moness, and Corra Linn, Scotland. In Castle Eden Dean, Durham. Mr. Winch. (Between Bakewell and Wirksworth. Mr. W. Christy. In great perfection, covering acres of ground, and bearing fine fruit, in the forest of Darnaway, Morayshire. Fl. Lond. Pentland hills. Dr. Greville. Ards, &c. Donegal. Mr. Murphy. E.) P. June.* R. ARC'TICUS. Leaves ternate, bluntly serrated: stem without prickles, bearing one or two solitary flowers: (petals nearly circular. E.) (E. Bot. 1585. E.)—Fl. Lapp. 5. 2—Fl. Dan. 488. About a span high. Flower purplish. Berry dark purple, nearly the size of a mulberry. Linn. (Stem upright, angular. Leaves (three to five, E.) unequally serrated, almost always smooth. Calyx hairy. Fruit sweet and fragrant. Fl. Brit. (The badge of the Highland clan M'Nab. The berries are acid, though with sugar might afford an agreeable dessert. In Russia they are fermented with honey, and yield a potent spirit. Hooker. E.) DWARF CRIMSON BRAMBLE. E.) Only found in the Highlands of Scotland; as Isle of Mull. Rev. Dr. Walker. Ben-y-glo, Blair. Mr. Cotton. E. Bot. E.) P. May. R. CHAMAMORUS. Leaves simple, plaited, lobed: stem without prickles, single-flowered: segments of the calyx egg-shaped. Hook. Fl. Lond. 136-E. Bot. 716. E.)-Fl. Dan. 1-Fl. Lapp. 5. 1—Lightf. 13. at p. 266—Park. 1014. 7—Ger. 2368— Ger. Em. 1420. Apparently dioecious; but Dr. Solander discovered the roots of the two plants to be united together under ground. Linn. (Root creeping. Stem hardly a foot high, simple, slender. Blossom large, white. Fruit of several large, dull orange-coloured granulations. Leaves heart-shaped, plicate, unequally serrated, on leaf-stalks. Glands or abortive stamens are constantly present around the germens of the fertile flowers. Hook. Fl. Lond. E.) CLOUD-BERRY, (from its elevated place of growth. E.) MOUNTAIN BRAMBLE. KNOT or KNOUT-BERRIES. (Gaelic: Lusnan-Eighreag. E.) Peat bogs on the sides of the mountains of Yorkshire, Westmoreland, Cumberland, Lancashire, Carnarvonshire, and Scotland. Sides of the highest mountains about Settle and Ingleton. Curtis. Ingleborough, Yorkshire. Mr. Woodward. Near Egleston, Durham. Mr. Hutchinson. (On Cheviot. Mr. Winch. Glen-Garro mountain, Tyrone. E. Murphy, Esq. E.) P. May-June.† FRAGA'RIA.‡ Calyx ten-cleft: Petals five: Seeds naked, smooth, on an egg-shaped, coloured, deciduous, berrylike receptacle. F. VESCA. Runners creeping, (hairs of the foot-stalks widely spreading; those of the partial flower-stalks adpressed, silky. Sm. E.) (From the fruit may be prepared a highly flavoured sweetmeat, and a rich wine, much esteemed in Sweden. Dr. Clarke represents the flavour of the berries as finer than that of the hautboy strawberry; and their fragrance, when fresh gathered, delicious. A most elegant species, worthy of cultivation both for ornament and use; but it will not flourish without bog earth. E.) The The berries are not unpleasant, and held to be an excellent anti-scorbutic. Norwegians pack them up in wooden vessels and send them to Stockholm, where they are served in desserts, or made into tarts. The Laplanders bury them under the snow, and thus preserve them fresh from one year to another. They bruise and eat them with the milk of the rein deer, (and sometimes make a jelly of them boiled with fish. E.) In the Highlands of Scotland also they are occasionally brought to table. Dr. Clarke considered his life to have been saved by the febrifuge quality of this fruit. In Lapland, that celebrated traveller observes, "Whenever we walked near the river, we found whole acres covered with these blushing berries, (at first crimson, afterwards becoming yellow,) hanging so thick that we could not avoid treading upon them-Although they flourish most in marshy places, their roots do not strike into the swamp, but are found covering the hard and dry mounds of earth which rise above it." vol. iii. p. 376. A sprig of the Cloudberry bush is the distinguishing badge of the clan M'Farlane. The Caledonian Horticu!tural Society recommended the cultivation of this plant by seed. Hooker. According to Mr. Bicheno it indicates the presence of slate. E.) Papilio Rubi, Phalana, Pavonia, Fascelina, and Sambucaria, are nourished by the different species. (Generally supposed from fragro; referring to the fragrance of the fruit; but perhaps with as much propriety from frango, as a lithonthriptic. E.) Blackw. 77. 1-Ludw. 136-Kniph. 8-(E. Bot. 1524. E)-Sheldr. 3. 6— Dod. 672. 2-Ger. Em. 997. 1-H. Ox. ii. 19. row 1. 1. f. 2—Pet. 40. 7— Fuchs. 853-J. B. ii. 395. 3—Trag. 500—Lonic. i. 215. 1. (Root blackish. E.) When growing in woods the segments of the calyx cloven at the point. Reich. Wires long, slender, smooth, often tinged with purple; radicating at intervals, and producing new plants. Leafstalks hairy. Leaves ternate, pubescent beneath; leafits egg-shaped, serrated. Fruit-stalks with two or more flowers. (Blossoms white, erect. Fruit red, nutant, fleshy, fragrant, well-flavoured. Seeds granular, external. E.) WOOD STRAWBERRY. (Welsh: Mefusen y goedwig. Gaelic Subh-lair; Subh-thalmhainn. E.) Woods, thickets, hedge banks, &c. Var. 2. Huds. Fruit harsh, rough, and prickly, greenish, with some show of redness. Blossoms greenish. Ger. Em. Hyde Park: Hampstead wood. Merret. Var. 3. Fruit white. Common in woods, hollow-ways, and hedge, banks, particularly in marl or clayey soil. P. May-June. (F. elatior, E. Bot. 2197, is larger and more hairy than the preceding, and seems to defy specific distinction. Ehrhart and Smith supposed it might be essentially discriminated by the hairs on the peduncles being "patent and even deflexed;" but Hooker and Borrer find them sometimes "quite erect and appressed." Neither are the flowers invariably dioecious, though often so. The fruit is larger, darker, of a musky flavour, like the true Hautboy of the gardens, which it is not improbable may have originated from this plant. E.) F. STERILIS. Stem prostrate, without creeping runners: (leafits obovate, deeply serrated, silky on both sides, especially beneath. E.) Curt. 173-(E. Bot. 1785-Fl. Dan. 1579. E.)—Vaill. 10. 1-Lob. Ic. i. 698-Ger. Em. 998-Pet. 40. 8-J. B. ii. 395-H. Ox. ii. 19. 5. Shoots thick, depressed, covered with spear-shaped stipulæ of the colour of rusty iron. Leaves ternate, inversely egg-shaped, serrated, flexible, hairy, white underneath. Leaf-stalks very hairy. Flowering-stems thread-shaped, with a few small leaves. Flowers solitary, white, on fruit-stalks. Linn. (Curtis considers this plant as forming the connecting link between the Fragaria and Potentilla, having the leaves of the former, but in fructification more resembling the latter. Seeds, according to Mr. Strawberries, either eaten alone, or with sugar, or milk, are universally esteemed as a delicious fruit. They are grateful, cooling, sub-acid, juicy, and have a delightful smell. Taken in large quantities they seldom disagree. They promote perspiration, and dissolve the tartarous incrustations upon the teeth. Persons afflicted with the gout or stone have found great relief by using them largely; and Hoffman says, he has known consumptive patients cured by them. The bark of the root is astringent. Sheep and goats eat it. Cows are not fond of it. Horses and swine refuse it. (Cicada spumaria, (Cuckoo-spit, or Frothworm,) enveloped in a spume exuded by itself, and wherein the little animal may be seen in time to acquire four tubercles on its back, in which wings are inclosed; these bursting, from a reptile it becomes a winged creature; and thus rendered perfect, flies to meet its mate, and fulfil its destiny in perpetuating its kind,-a familiar example of wonder-working power, well worthy of attention, E.) may be frequently observed upon the leaves. Coccus polonicus infests the roots. (See experiments on Esculent Strawberries by T. A. Knight, Esq. in Linn. Tr. vol. xii. E.) Borrer, not decidedly "smooth and even," as in Fragaria; but rather "transversely wrinkled or rugose," as in Potentilla. Gmelin esteems it a Comurum, and calls it C. Fragarioides. Roth also thinks it should be referred to the genus Comarum, as having no berry-like, deciduous receptacle, but one that is dry, spongy, and permanent. We must, however, agree with the writer of the Botanical Report, Month. Mag. v. 24, that the succulent or dry state of the receptacle, even combined with a slight variation in the surface of the seed, does not seem sufficient to divide the genus. In a case of difficulty the habit should always have great weight, and in this respect it is altogether a Fragaria. E.) BARREN STRAWBERRY. (Welsh: Coeg-fefusen. F. sterilis. Linn. Lightf. Huds. With. Curt. Sm. Fl. Brit. and E. Bot. Ray. Bauh. Willd. Hoffm. Oed. Potentilla Fragariastrum. Ehrh. Sm. Eng. Fl. P. fragaria. De Cand. Hook. Grev. P. fragarioides. Villars. E.) Barren pastures, heaths, and hedge banks. P. April-May. POTENTIL'LA. Calyx ten-cleft: Petals five: Seeds roundish, naked, wrinkled, attached to a small, juiceless, spongy, tubercled receptacle. (1) Leaves pinnate. P. FRUTICOSA. Leaves winged, entire, hairy: stem shrubby. (Stem upright, tinged with red, much branched, three feet high. E.) *(Both species of Fragaria, (from whence originate the numerous cultivated sorts), are subject to Uredo Fragaria, "in roundish dots, on the under side the leaves; bright yellow, changing to dark brown."-Besides the discolouration on either surface of the leaves, principally occasioned by fungi or insects, spots are often apparent, generally of a dark hue, and not unfrequently observable on different kinds of Strawberry plants, for which no such origin can be detected. A probable cause of these appearances was many years ago suggested to me by my late very ingenious and learned friend Professor Robison; who conjectured that they were in most instances produced by the power of the sun acting upon a globular drop of dew, or perhaps sometimes of rain, as through a burning lens, the rays becoming thus so concentrated as to incinerate, more or less, the portion affected. In a recent publication (Journ. Nat.) we observe something like the same hypothesis propounded.-Dr. Mason Good, in his "Book of Nature," remarks, "Among animals some are locomotive or migratory, and others stationary or permanent, (including the zoophite order), though the greater number may be migratory. Plants are, on the contrary, for the most part stationary, yet many are fairly entitled to be regarded as locomotive or migratory, of which the genus Fragaria affords examples; as do the palmate, the testicular, and the premorse rooted tribes, offer similar proofs. Many of these grow from a new bulb or knob, or radicle, while the old root dies away; we may therefore conclude that the vital principle of the plant has quitted an old dilapidated, and ruinous mansion, to take possession of a new one." And thus several of the Orchidiæ, or Scabiosa succisa, may sometimes be traced in their change of position across half an acre. E.) † (Diminutive of potentia, power or efficacy; from its supposed medicinal virtues. E.) |