is necessary. Potatoes, grain, and white crops,. are exhausting; but, after them, the soil is ameliorated by tares, vetches, turnips, and green or covering crops.

39. On stiff soils, clover, beans, wheat, cabbages, and oats, may be cultivated in succession ; and on light soils, potatoes, turnips, peas, or barley, may succeed each other. The general rule, is one crop for man, and one for beast.

Obs. This plan of varying the crops, is a new discovery. Formerly, land lay long in fallow; that is to say, was not worked every third or fourth year; but now, it is usual, by varying the crops, to get two or three crops in a year from the same soil, without its being exhausted; and fallowing is consequently, found to be unnecessary.-See Young's Farmer's Kalender.

40. Wheat is sown in September or October; but the spring-wheat is sown in March. It ripens in July and August, when it is reaped, housed, and threshed. After being ground at the mill and sifted, wheat forms flour: the flour mixed with water and yeast, and baked in an oven, becomes Bread.

41. Barley is sown in April and May: it is made into malt, by being heated to a state of germination, and then broken in a mill. If the malt be infused in hot water, the infusion, with the addition of hops, may be fermented into beer, ale, and porter.

42. Oats are sown in February or March; when ground, they form oat-meal, and mixed with water, fermented and baked, the meal becomes oat-bread; but unground, they are the favourite food of horses. 43. There are other species of grain cultivated, as rye, peas, and beans. The former makes dark

but wholesome bread; and the latter are well known as delicious and wholesome food. Rice, a very nutritive grain, is much cultivated in warm climates; and preferred to other kinds of grain for the food of man.

44. Modern husbandry has sub-divided grass into nearly a hundred several kinds; of which, there are two principal divisions; natural grasses, and artificial grasses. The several sorts are sown and cultivated together, or separately; according to the nature of the soil, or the object of the cultivator.

45. The natural grasses are very numerous; and are preferred for lands intended to be kept in grass. The artificial grasses are ray grass, red clover, trefoil, sainfoin, lucern, orchard grass, timothy, &c.

46. On many farms, cows are kept for the milk they yield; and for the purpose of making butter or cheese. Butter is made from cream by agitating it in a churn; and is the oily part of the cream. Cheese is made from milk by curdling it with runnet; and the curd is then pressed, shaped, and dried.

Obs. The runnet is the inside of the stomach of a calf; and is kept in pickle for the purpose of setting the curd. The cheese would be white, if the milk were not preyiously coloured with Spanish arnotta. The largest cheesefarms in England, are in Cheshire and Denbighshire; and on some of these, 500 milch cows are kept. In the United States, the largest dairies are in New England and New York.

47. Of late years, selections have been made of breeds of cattle, sheep, &c., from among those

which fatten the quickest, which have the bestflavoured flesh, best wool, &c.

48. Among oxen, the kinds that have been preferred in England, are the middle-horned, or Devonshire, for working; and the short-horned, the 'spotted, and the Alderney, for milking.

The long-horned, the Welch, the Kyloe, and the Fifeshire, have also their separate purposes and recommendations.

49. Among the improved breeds of sheep, the favourite is the South Down; but the Tees-water, Dartmoor, and Romney-marsh-breeds, are the largest; the new Leicester and Lincoln are the next. The fleece of the Lincoln weighs 11 tbs.

50. Those sheep which produce the finest wool, are the Merino, the Ryeland, and the Shetland; but their fleeces weigh only from 2 to 3 lbs.

A male sheep is called a tup or ram; and a female, a ewe. They are usually shorn in May or June; and are called one-shear, two-shear, or three-shear sheep, according to their ages.

51. Horses are divided into blood-horses or racers; hackney or riding horses; coach-horses; Cleaveland-bays; Suffolk-punches; Clydesdales; and heavy-blacks: each of them adapted to distinct purposes of use or pleasure.

52. Hogs are severally of Berkshire, Hampshire, Shropshire, Gloucestershire, Chinese, white, and swing-tailed breeds; all different in their shapes and character.

53. Numerous other productive animals are also objects of the farmer's care; as poultry for eggs; geese, ducks, turkeys, Guinea-fowis, and pigeons; bees for honey; and fish stocked in

ponds. Farmers likewise extract cyder from apples; perry from pears; and delicious wines from various fruits.

54. Every farm-house is provided with a kitchen-garden, for the cultivation of vegetables and fruits. The Art of Gardening forms also one of the most useful and delightful branches of rural employment. Besides kitchen-gardens for raising vegetables, there are fruit-gardens, or orchards, flower-gardens, and pleasure-gardens.

55. By the art of Gardening, the fruits of one part of the world, are propagated and cultivated in other climates, to which, at first, they seemed to be ill-adapted.*

Thus, in England, the only native fruits were the acorn, the blackberry, the alder-berry, hips, and haws; but it now enjoys gooseberries, currants, apples, pears, plums, apricots, peaches, nectarines, and grapes-all exotics, and first cultivated in England, about three hundred years since.

56. Within a few years, the bread-fruit tree has been transplanted from the islands of the South Seas to the West Indies; and all the rare spices, natives of the East Indies, are now cultivated in the West Indies.

57. The Potatoe, so considerable and wholesome a portion of our food, was unknown in Europe, about two centuries ago; and was brought from America by sir Walter Raleigh. The period is on record (500 years before Christ,) when the

* In the present edition, the long paragraphs have been purposely broken, for the ease of junior students; but the numbers remain the same.

first wheat was brought into Europe, from Asia Minor. Peas, beans, and all other grain, are exotics in England.

58. Such, also, is the art of man, that he improves whatever he cultivates. By grafting buds of superior fruits on ordinary stocks, he amends, and even alters, the natural produce of the tree; and by managing and selecting his seeds, he improves and enlarges every vegetable production.

59. By the art of Gardening, two, three, or four persons may derive ample subsistence, from every acre of ground in cultivation; but there is in no country, without cultivation, above one human inhabitant to two square miles; and even on that space, subsistence is obtained with difficulty; such are the triumphs of art over nature!

60. In England and Wales there are ten millions of inhabitants; and forty-seven millions of acres of ground; of which, nearly forty-millions are cultivated, or are employed in grazing cattle; the other eight are waste.

There are, consequently, four acres of cultivated ground to every person; and nearly another acre, of that which is uncultivated.

Obs. It having been ascertained, that an acre of land employed as a garden, will produce regular subsistence for four persons; it follows, that if the ground in England was thus cultivated, it would support a population of 160 millions; and with various allowances, at least 100 millions, or ten times its present number. The ground still uncul tivated, might, perhaps, be made to maintain the present number of inhabitants in plenty.

61. Each of the people consume in every year, one quarter of wheat, (eighteen bushels) being the produce of half an acre; three bushels of barley