Cal. 2-leaved, equal. Cor. personate, spurred. Stigma 2-lipped. Caps. globose, of 1 cell. Seeds fixed to a central receptacle. -Nat. Ord. LENTIBULARIÆ. Rich.-Name from Utriculus, a little bladder.1

1. U. vulgáris, Linn. (greater Bladderwort); spur conical, upper lip as long as the projecting palate, leaves pinnato-multifid. Engl. Bot. t. 253. Hook. Scot. i. p. 8. Engl. Fl. v. i. p. 30. Ditches and deep pools, not unfrequent. Fl. June, July. 4.-Roots much branched. Shoots or runners floating horizontally in the water, clothed with capillary multifid leaves, bristly at the margin and bearing little cristate bladders. Scape erect, 4-6 inches high, with 6-8 bright yellow flowers in a raceme. Lower lip convex, much larger and broader than the upper one, and having a projecting palate, closing the mouth. Spur short deflexed. Filaments curved, thick, resembling those of Pinguicula. Stigma large.

2. U. intermédia, Hayne, (intermediate Bladderwort); spur conical, upper lip twice as long as the palate, leaves tripartite, the segments linear dichotomous. Engl. Bot. t. 2489. Hook. Scot. i. p. 9. Engl. Fl. v. i. p. 30.

Ditches and deep pools, much less frequent than the preceding. It appears to have been only found with certainty about Dublin and Bantry, in Ireland, and in Rescobie Lake, Forfar. Fl. June, July. 4.— This has probably been passed by as the U. vulgaris: but the flowers are smaller, of a paler yellow, and have a longer lip. The stems are more leafy, and the bladders proceed from branched stalks, not from the leaves. It propagates itself by buds or gemmæ which proceed from the ends of the shoots as does U. minor, and perhaps U. vulgaris.

3. U. minor, Linn. (lesser Bladderwort); spur extremely short obtuse keeled, upper lip as long as the palate, leaves subtripartite, the segment linear dichotomous. Engl. Bot. t. 254. Hook. Scot. i. p. 9. Engl. Fl. v. i. p. 31.

Ditches and pools, rare, though not unfrequent in many parts of Scotland, extending its range even to Skye. Fl. June, July. 4.Smaller than the last. Vesicles mixed with the leaves, which latter are glabrous at the margin. Flowers very pale yellow, and small. Spur scarcely any. Lower lip almost plane; palate scarcely closing the mouth, not projecting beyond the lip.

The British species of this Genus are all aquatics: and the roots, stems and even leaves are furnished with numerous, membranaceous, reticulated vesicles, which, according to Hayne, are filled with water, till it is necessary the plant should rise to the surface and expand its blossoms above the fluid. The vesicles are then found to contain only air, by aid of which the plant floats: this air again in the Autumn gives place to water, and the plant descends to ripen its seeds at the bottom of the water. Aquatic insects are often seen in these bladders. Mr. Wilson observes, on those of U. vulgaris, that "they have an orifice closed by an elastic valve, opening inwards, and of much thinner texture than the bladder, to which it is attached, where the crest is placed. Insects often enter these bladders, and are, of course, confined .there."

*** Perianth double, inferior, monopetalous, irregular. Seeds 4, apparently naked, (closely covered by the pericarp, Gymnospermous.) 5. LÝCOPUS. Linn. Gipsy-wort.

Cal. tubular, 5-cleft. Cor. tubular, limb nearly equal, 4-cleft, upper segment broader, and notched. Stam. distant, simple.Nat. Ord. LABIATE. Juss.-Name from λuxos, a wolf, and res, a foot, from a fancied resemblance in the cut leaves of the plant, to a wolf's paw. Der Wolfsfuss, in Germ. In English Gipsy-wort, because the plant yields a black dye, which is employed by the Gipsies to render their skin darker.

1. L. europeus, Linn. (common Gipsy-wort, or Water Horehound); leaves deeply and irregularly pinnatifido-serrated. Engl. Bot. t. 1105. Hook. Scot. i. p. 9. Engl. Fl. v. i. p. 34.

Ditches and river banks; less frequent in Scotland. Fl. June, July. 4-Stems 2 feet high, erect, four-sided as in the class Didynamia, Ord. Gymnospermia, to which very natural groupe, this and the following Genus belong, though they are placed here in consequence of their having but two stamens. Leaves opposite, nearly sessile, ovato-lanceolate, wrinkled, very deeply sinuato-serrate, almost pinnatifid. Flowers small, sessile, in dense whorls at the base of the superior leaves, whitish with purple dots, hairy within.

6. SÁLVIA. Linn. Sage or Clary.

Cal. 2-lipped, tubular. Cor. labiate, the tube dilated upwards and compressed. Filaments with two divaricating branches, one only bearing a perfect, single cell of an anther.-Nat. Ord. LABIATE. Juss.-Name from Salvo, to save or heal, in allusion to its balmy or healing qualities.

1. S. pratensis, Linn. (Meadow Clary or Sage); lower leaves cordate-oblong irregularly crenate stalked, those of the stem sessile semiamplexicaul, bracteas very small, corolla thrice as long as the calyx glandular and viscid at the summit. Engl. Bot. t. 153. Engl. Fl. v. i. p. 34.

Dry meadows and about hedges, but rare; near Cobham in Kent. Fl. July. Varying in size, from 6 inches to 2 feet high. Commonly cultivated in gardens. I have never seen native specimens.

2. S. verbenáca, Linn. (Wild English Clary or Sage); leaves sinuated and serrated, corolla much narrower and scarcely longer than the calyx. Engl. Bot. t. 154. Hook. Scot. i. p. 10. Engl. Fl. v. i. p. 35.

Dry pastures and banks, especially in a chalky or gravelly soil: not uncommon in England; but only found about Edinburgh in Scotland. F. June, July. 2.-One to two feet high. Lower leaves petiolate, ovate, upper ones sessile and acute, less lobed, but more serrated: all wrinkled with veins. Bracteas 2, under each whorl of flowers, cordate, acute, entire, ciliated. Cal. hairy, segments mucronate. Cor. small in

proportion to the calyx, purple. Upper lip concave, compressed : lower 3-lobed, its middle lobe large.

**** Perianth double, superior.

7. CIRCEA. Linn. Enchanter's Nightshade.

Cor.

Cal. 2-leaved, but united into a short tube at the base. of 2 petals. Caps. 2-celled. Cells 1-seeded.-Nat. Ord. ONAGRARIÆ. Juss.-Name from the Enchantress Circe, either from the prettiness of its flowers, or as some say, from growing in damp shady places, where plants used for incantations are found.

1. C. lutetiána, Linn. (common Enchanter's Nightshade); stem erect pubescent, leaves ovate acuminate toothed opaque longer than the petiole. Engl. Bot. t. 1056. Hook. Scot. i. p. 4. Engl. Fl. v. i. p. 15.

Woods and Coppices in shady situations, common. Fl. June, July. 4.-Root creeping. Stem 1—13 foot high. Leaves scarcely cordate at the base, upper ones narrow-ovate. Racemes as well as the stems more or less branched. Flowers white or rose-coloured. Calycine leaflets reflexed. Petals obcordate, patent. Germen very hispid, the hairs hooked at the extremity. Found in Canada and in Nepal,

2. C. alpína, Linn. (Alpine Enchanter's Nightshade); stem ascending, nearly glabrous, leaves cordate toothed shining as long as the petioles. Engl. Bot. t. 1057. Hook. Scot. i. p. 4. Engl. Fl. v. i. p. 16.

B. major, larger and more pubescent. Engl. Fl. v. i. p. 16.—C. intermedia. Ehrh.

Woods and coppices and stony places, especially by the sides of lakes in the north of England and Scotland. 6. In similar situations. (Smith). -Fl. July, Aug. 2.-This comes very near it must be confessed to the preceding: but it is much smaller, the leaves decidedly cordate and the petioles longer. Fruit which is abundant on C. lutetiana, I have never observed on this plant. The flowers are the same in both, as to structure and colour. I have not seen the var. B. of Smith in this country; but if it be the same as the C. intermedia of continental authors, it is quite true that, though larger in the stem and leaves, it yet accords with the essential character of our C. alpina.

***** Perianth single or none.

8. FRAXINUS. Linn. Ash.

Cal. 0, or 4-cleft. Cor. 0. or of 4 petals. Caps. 2-celled, 2seeded, compressed and foliaceous at the extremity. Seeds solitary, pendulous. (Some flowers without stamens.) Nat. Ord. OLEINEE. Hoffmansegg and Link.-Name from ogais, a separa tion, in allusion to the facility with which the wood may be split.

1. F. excélsior, Linn. (common Ash); leaves pinnated, leaflets ovato-lanceolate acuminate serrated, flowers without either calyx or corolla, Engl. Bot. t. 1692, Hook. Scot. i. p. 3. Engl. Fl. v. i,

P. 14.

B. heterophylla; (simple-leaved Ash); leaves simple and pinnated. F. heterophylla. Vahl.-Engl. Bot. t. 2476. Engl. Fl. v. i. p. 14.—F. simplicifolia. Willd.-F. excelsior var. 2. With.

Woods and hedges throughout the country. 6. Rare in England. Smith. I have specimens from Mrs. Griffith gathered in Devonshire. Fl. in April and May, before the leaves appear. h.-One of the noblest of our trees, remarkable in old plants for the curving upwards of the extremities of the lower pendent branches. There are many varieties. The weeping Ash is said to have been first discovered in a field at Gamlingay. By Loch Lomond side the trees vary much in the width of the leaflets, some have them all ovate, others quite lanceolate. The F. heterophylla may be considered a sort of monstrosity, often having the leaflets united so as to form one single leaf. The flowers are very simple. There is no calyx, no corolla. The pistil and stamens, often one of each, are sometimes separated, and rise at once from the extremity of the flower-stalk.-The wood is very valuable for many purposes, especially for implements of husbandry, the young copse wood for making hurdles, and the older for hop-poles. The roots are injurious to pastures by their spreading to so great an extent, and extracting the nourishment from the soil.

9. LEMNA. Linn. Duckweed.

Perianth single, monophyllous, membranaceous, urceolate. Fruit utricular.

Fronds without distinct stem or leaves, floating on the surface of the water, and increasing not only by seeds, but, far more abundantly, by gemmæ or buds, concealed in lateral clefts of the parent frond, which, growing out, on two opposite sides, into new plants, and they again producing offspring in the same way, while still attached to their parent, present a most curious appearance.-Nat. Ord. PISTIACEÆ. Rich.-Name, uμa, of the Greeks, from As, a scale.

1. L. trisulca, Linn. (Ivy-leaved Duckweed); fronds thin ellipticolanceolate caudate at one extremity at the other serrated, roots solitary. Engl. Bot. t. 926. Hook. Scot. i. p. 10. Engl. Fl. v. i. p. 32.

Clear stagnant waters. Less frequent in Scotland than in England. Fl. June, July. O.-Fronds to of an inch in length, pellucid at the margins, reticulated. Roots solitary, tipped at the extremity, as are those of the rare and beautiful aquatic, Pontederia azurea, with a small sheath.

2. L. minor, Linn. (lesser Duckweed); fronds nearly ovate compressed, roots solitary. Engl. Bot. t. 1095. Hook. Scot. i. p. 11. Engl. Fl. v. i. p. 32.

Stagnant waters, common.-Fl. July. O.-About a line or a line and a half long; of a rather thick, succulent, but compact texture, slightly convex beneath. This is the most abundant of all the species,

1 For a more complete analysis and history of this genus than I am here able to give, see Lemna minor, trisulca and gibba in the new Series of Flora Londinensis, and for an admirable account of the germination of the seeds of the latter species, see a Memoir by W. Wilson, Esq. in Part II. of the Botanical Miscellany.

covering the surface of ditches and harbouring numerous insects and molluscæ, the food of ducks and other waterfowl, whence the English name of Duckweed. The young fronds constitute the Lemna arhiza of the French authors. The capsule is single-seeded; seed transverse, with its hilum "directed towards the narrow end of the frond." (Wilson.)

3. L. polyrhiza, Linn. (greater Duckweed); fronds obovatorotundate compressed, roots numerous clustered. Engl. Bot.

t. 2458. Hook. Scot. i. p. 11. Engl. Fl. v. i. p. 33.

Stagnant waters. Flowers unknown in Britain. -The largest of all the species, half an inch long and nearly as broad, succulent, firm, faintly striated; a little convex below, where, and at the margin above, it is of a deep purple colour. Roots numerous from a central point. The fructification of this species is a great desideratum.

4. L. gibba, Linn. (gibbous Duckweed); fronds obovate nearly plane above, hemispherical beneath, roots subsolitary. Engl. Bot. t. 1233. Hook. Scot. i. p. 2. Engl. Fl. v. i. p. 32.

Stagnant water, but not very frequent. Rare in Scotland. Fl. June -Sept. Size of L. minor, but readily distinguished by the gibbous or even hemispherical lower surface, which is moreover white, pellucid, and beautifully cellular, the cells filled with air, (Wilson): upper side plane, green, opaque. Capsule four-seeded. Seeds furrowed, not transversely placed, but with the hilum towards the top of the cap

sule." Wilson.

10. CLÁDIUM. Schrad. Twig-rush.

Perianth single, glumaceous. Glumes of one piece or valve, 1-flowered, imbricating; outer ones sterile. Fruit, a nut with a loose external coat, destitute of bristles at the base.-Nat. Ord. CYPERACEÆ. Juss. Name from xλados, a branch, so called, perhaps, from the many branches bearing spikelets.

1. C. Mariscus, Br. (prickly Twig-rush); panicle much divided leafy, spikelets capitato-conglomerate, stem rounded leafy, margins of the leaves and keel rough. Engl. Bot. t. 950. (Schanus Mariscus. L.) Hook. Scot. i. p. 2. Engl. Fl. v. i. p. 36.

Boggy and fenny places in several parts of England, as in Norfolk, Cambridge, &c.; Cheshire. Mr. Wilson. In Scotland it is now extinct, since the draining of the Moss of Restenat, where it grew with Eriophorum alpinum.-Fl. July, Aug. 24.-In habit very different from Schoenus, as is the fruit. Plant 3-5 feet high, leafy: Leaves rough almost prickly at the margin and keel. Glumes ovate, brown, 6-7 in an ovate spikelet; inner ones the longest, generally the two or sometimes three innermost ones floriferous; of which one (" sometimes 2, more rarely all," Wilson) bears a coated nut, almost as large as the spikelet. Stigmas generally two, sometimes cloven (Wilson).

(See Salicornia in Cl. I.)

ORD. II. DIGYNIA. 2 Styles.

1. ANTHOXANTHUM. Linn. Vernal-grass.

Cal. of 2 valves, glumaceous, 1-flowered. Cor. double, each of