V. Give a Description of the following Instruments or Machines: GENERAL OUTLINE. The instrument or machine-the particular property it possesses -the parts of which it is made up--the materials employed-the workmen engaged-the workshop-the varieties of the instrument -their general appearance. EXERCISES. 1. The Hammer-An instrument for driving nails, beating metals and other substances-various kinds-common hand hammer-an iron head faced with steel-fixed crosswise upon a wooden handle-wedge-shaped at one end-sometimes sharpened so as to form an adze or chisel—the large hammer used by smiths, called a sledge-hammer-the steam-hammer, a wonderful instrument a hammer attached to the bottom of a heavy block of iron-rises and falls between upright bars-machinery so perfect that it can descend so forcibly as to crush a mass of metal, or so gently as to crack a nut held between the fingers. 2. The Microscope.-An optical instrument-magnifies minute objects two kinds, single and compound. Single Microscope or Convex Lens-consists of a single lens or sphere of glass, or other transparent substance the object is placed in the focus-the most powerful single microscopes are made of minute globules of glass-formed by melting the ends of a few threads of spun glass in a candle. Compound Microscope or Double Convex Lensconsists of two lenses placed within a tube-the one placed near the object is called the object-glass-that through which the image is seen is called the eye-glass-by the first an enlarged image is formed within the tube-the second magnifies this enlarged image. The following subjects may be similarly treated :— VI. Give a Description of the following Scenes and Appear ances from Nature: 1. A Waterfall.-Let us trace the course of a river-how beautiful its windings-how pleasing the verdure on its banks-follow it through the wood-its bed becomes rocky-its waters restless and noisy-its sides rise abrupt and craggy-it reaches the edge of a precipice-it dashes over it into the pool below-it boils and wheels and rushes on its course-the fall itself majestic-describe the volume of water—the height-the roar of the cataract-the foam and spray-the appearance of the cliffs-the overhanging trees. EXERCISES. leaf. 1. A spring day. 2. Nature in summer. 3. The fall of the 4. A winter landscape. 5. Description of a mountain. 6. The course of a river. 7. Description of a lake. 8. Description of sunset. 9. The sea-shore. 10. The sea in calm and storm. 11. Description of night. 12. A thunder shower. Miscellaneous Subjects for Descriptive Composition. 1. Description of a town, a cathedral, a church, or a school. 2. Description of games, golf or cricket. 3. The cricket match or football match. 4. Description of any old ruin. 5. A garden or a farm. 6. An excursion or picnic. 7. An evening party. 8. A marriage ceremony. 9. The occupations of the farmer or gardener. 10. The opening of school. 11. The close or breakup. 12. Description of the sun or moon. 13. Description of a county or country. 14. Description of a battle. 15. The evening after battle. 16. Description of an inundation. 17. The launch of a ship. 18. The emigrant ship setting sail. 19. The shipwreck. 20. The funeral procession. 21. The old churchyard. 22. Description of a conflagration. 23. The phases of the sky. 24. Description of a review. NARRATIVE COMPOSITION. I. Historical Subjects. 1. Alfred's Retreat.-The invasions of the Danes-Alfred's want of success-Guthrum's winter attack-Alfred driven from his throne-his flight and concealment in the swamps of Somersetshire-the story of the cakes-his visit to the Danish camp in the disguise of a harper—the knowledge he then acquired of their plans the muster of his followers at Selwood forest—the victory of Ethandune. II. Give a Description of the following Reigns :— GENERAL OUTLINE. Birth and accession-Internal events: laws, government, rebellion-External events: wars, treaties-National industry: commerce, art, science-Manners and customs: religion, education, condition of the people—Marriage and issue-Death and character. EXERCISES. 1. Alfred. 2. Canute. 3. William the Conqueror. 4. Stephen. 5. John. 6. Henry III. 7. Edward I. 8. Edward III. 9. Henry VII. 10. Elizabeth. 11. James I. 12. William and Mary. 13. Queen Anne. 14. Henry IV. of France. 15. Louis XIV. 16. Louis XVI. 17. Charles V. of Germany. 18. Frederick of Prussia. 19. Peter the Great of Russia. 20. Gustavus Adolphus and Charles XII. of Sweden. ARITHMETIC-FRACTIONS. MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 1. How much coffee can be bought for forty-two pounds eight shillings and threepence, at the rate of four shillings and three farthings for two and a half pounds? 2. Find the sum and difference of two and six-sevenths and one and one-eighth, and add the results together. 3. Reduce the complex fraction 33 44 to a decimal. 4. The foundations of a house are twenty-two yards long eighteen broad, and three deep, and are dug in eleven days of nine hours each, by twenty men; how many men will be required to dig the foundation of a house eighteen yards long, fourteen broad, and four deep, in twenty days of twelve hours each? 5. A bankrupt's estate realised two thousand and twenty-seven pounds sixteen shillings and sixpence halfpenny, paying eight shillings and ninepence per pound. What must his debts have amounted to? 6. Multiply the product of two and four-ninths and sixsevenths, by the sum of three-fifths of ten-elevenths and four and one-third. 7. Find the difference in decimals between three-fortieths and three hundred and seventy-five ten-thousandths. 8. If sixty-three men mow five hundred and sixty acres in fourteen days, how many acres will eighty-four men mow in nine days? 9. How many acres, let at two pounds seventeen shillings and ninepence per acre, should be given in exchange for one hundred and seventy-nine acres, two roods, one pole, at three pounds fifteen shillings per acre? 10. Divide the product of three-eighths of four-sevenths, and seven-ninths, by the difference between eleven-twelfths and fivesixths. 11. Multiply nine feet three inches by eight feet nine inches, by decimals. 12. If three hundred and fifty pounds be spent by a family of fourteen persons in nine months, how much money will serve a family of twelve persons for a year at the same rate? 13. If fifty-one hundredweights sixteen pounds be carried one hundred and twenty-six miles for eight pounds ten shillings, how far will seventeen tons eighteen hundredweights be carried for the same sum? 14. Divide the difference between three and thirteen four teenths, and two sevenths of five and two-thirds, by three and five sixths. 15. What is the value of seven and three thousand one hundred and twenty-five hundred-thousandths of a pound sterling? 16. If the eightpenny loaf weigh four pounds when wheat is sixty-three shillings a quarter, what is the price of wheat when the penny loaf weighs six ounces? 17. The sum required for the poor of a parish is one hundred and seventy-seven pounds sixteen shillings and eightpence, and the rental is five thousand six hundred and ninety pounds thirteen shillings and fourpence. What will a farmer assessed on three hundred and twenty-six pounds have to pay? 18. What fraction added to one-third, one-fourth, one-fifth, and one-sixth, will make the sum total one? 19. Divide the product of thirty-two-thousandths and onethousandth by four. 20. If sixty-five men do a piece of work in fifty-four days six hours, working ten hours a day, how many working days of the same length will ninety-one men take to do it? 21. A person travelling at the rate of twenty-five miles a day, made the journey between Edinburgh and London in sixteen days. At what rate must he travel returning to do it in four days less? 22. What fraction of three guineas is three and elevenpence farthing? 23. Find the value of the sum of eight hundred and seventyfive thousandths of a pound sterling, eighteen hundred and seventy-five ten thousandths of a florin, and one hundred and twenty-five thousandths of a half-crown. 24. If two hundred and eighty pounds of flour yield ninety quartern loaves, how many half-quartern loaves can be made from fifteen imperial stones of flour? 25. A bankrupt's debts amount to four thousand pounds seventeen shillings and sixpence, and his assets to twenty-nine hundred pounds twelve shillings and eightpence farthing. What will his estate yield per pound? 26. How often is eighteen fifty-sevenths of six and one-third contained in seven and three-fourths? 27. Express twelve shillings and eightpence farthing as the decimal of a pound. 28. A package weighing four pounds nine one hundred and fifty miles for half-a-crown. it cost to carry three quarters, two pounds, distance of ninety miles at the same rate? ounces is carried How much will eleven ounces, a 29. If a man pay four hundred and twenty pounds six shillings and threepence farthing, for debts at eight shillings and sevenpence farthing per pound, how much did he owe? 30. What number must be multiplied by four and fourteen thirty thirds, to give fourteen and one hundred and twenty-four two hundred and thirty oneths? 31. If one and two hundred and twenty-five thousandths of a pound avoirdupois, cost one hundred and twenty-five thousandths of a pound sterling, what cost one and seventy-five hundredths of a hundredweight? 32. If fourteen men harvest two hundred acres in eighteen days, how many men will do double the work in half the time? 33. If one and a half hundredweights of cheese cost three pounds seventeen shillings, what cost two quarters twenty-seven and a half pounds? 34. A, B, and C are partners. A has two-fifths of the profits, B has one-fourth, and C has the rest, which is worth three hundred and fifty pounds. What are the profits of the firm? 35. Reduce six-sevenths of a guinea to the decimal of a pound. 36. If it cost two pounds sixteen shillings to paper a room sixty feet round and twelve feet high, how much will it cost to paper another room thirty-six feet round and ten feet high? 37. Paid eight pounds eleven shillings and three farthings for fourteen hundredweights, three quarters, fourteen pounds of guano. What is the rate per ton? 38. Find the difference between the sum of three-fifths and four-ninths, and the product of seven-twelfths and eightelevenths. 39. Reduce three quarters twenty-one pounds to the decimal of a ton. 40. If three hundred and twelve pounds of beef serve sixteen seamen for twenty days, how much will fourteen men require at the same rate for four weeks? 41. What cost eighteen cheeses, each two quarters nine pounds, at the rate of nine shillings and sevenpence halfpenny per imperial stone? 42. If I pay away two-fifths of my money, and lose one-third of what remains, returning home with eight shillings and one penny halfpenny, how much had I at first? 045 x 8.4 43. Simplify 1.08 66 44. What is the interest of five hundred and ninety-six pounds five shillings, for two hundred and nineteen days, at five per cent. per annum? 45. If the quartern loaf sell at eightpence farthing, when wheat is fifty-seven shillings and ninepence per quarter, what |