generally expelled by a dose or two of melted fat taken from the Cape sheep."

"The presence of worms in the intestinal canal of man may be suspected, when a few of the symptoms already enumerated are present; nor ought the practitioner to doubt the correctness of his conclusion, on finding that a few doses of a purgative medicine do not bring away worms by stool. The tape worm will betray its presence in the intestines, by the separation and discharge of distinct joints. When other varieties of it are suspected, the patient ought to have recourse to the spirit of turpentine. The difficulty of breathing, occa sioned by the tape worm, is a remarkable symptom, and may in some cases lead to an early detection of the complaint; but the superabundant secretion of saliva is connected with many disorders of the frame, and cannot be deemed a test, either of the presence of worms, or of the recent use of mercury, but rather as a symptom of general bad health." "A variety of drugs and methods have been recommended for the expulsion of tania and other entozoa from the intestines of man; these may be reduced to three heads."

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1st. MECHANICAL REMEDIES, as pulvis stanni; large doses of aloes, taken in the form of pill, (which have been known to expel tape worm from the intestines), probably act in the same way. This method sometimes succeeds, but is exceedingly uncertain."

"2dly. Drastic purgative medicines, which occasionally are found successful in expelling the tape worm, but whose operation is attended with disagreeable symptoms, and, not unfrequently, irreparable injury to the constitution. Milder purgatives are often exhibited, preceded by bitters and aromatics."

"3dly. Anthelmintics, or drugs, which destroy intestinal worms, by being inimical to their vitality: of these, the most efficacious is spirit of turpentine, given either alone, or compounded with empyreumatic animal oil, as in the celebrated preparation of Chabert. I have generally found that from one to two drachms of the spirit of turpentine, given in a little water, morning and evening, for three successive days, were sufficient to destroy the taenia solium, (even in the most obstinate cases), and cause it to leave the intestines, without the aid of any purgative medicines. The practice, however, of exhibiting a little castor oil about noon of each day, is unobjectionable, and may be useful, as the turpentine never purges the patients. The narcotic effects produced by turpentine on tape worm, and other worms, may be judged of by the fact, (ascertained by several experiments), that when one drachm only has been taken, and the patient has declined continuing its use, an immediate stop is put to the production of separate joints by the tænia; the vigour of the worm is destroyed; it sickens, and in proportion to its unhealthy state, does the patient regain his health and strength. Should the turpentine not be repeated, the worm recovers slowly; and after the lapse of an uncertain period, (two or three weeks) the usual secretion of joints recommences. A large dose of spirit of turpentine, (from four to eight drachms) produced, in many patients, unpleasant symptoms, such as intense head-ache, giddiness, and a confusion of ideas, amounting to temporary delirium. Neither wine nor spirits should be drank during the use of turpentine, lest strangury be produced. Food

ought to be avoided on the mornings of using the medicine, nor should any be taken in the evening. The turpentine has been found most rapid in its effects, when taken about 8 or 9 A. M."

Spirit of turpentine has been used with success in cases of tape worm on the continent, and more particularly in Germany, for at least fifty years. To it the celebrated preparation of Chabert owes its remarkable efficacy. The ascarides are easily expelled by the same drug; and it is probable that a worm will not remain in the intestines, if the system be kept under the influence of oil of turpentine for a few days.

Many alarming symptoms have been known to arise from the presence of worms in the intestinal canal, particularly nervous disorders, as epilepsy, convulsions, and St. Vitus's dance. Dr. Knox has seen a high degree of nervousness existing in many patients affected with worms, and has found that this nervous state disappeared with the removal of the existing cause. If worms were found only in the stomach and intestines, we might suppose that they were the products of eggs of small animals or insects; but when they are found in the interstices of muscles, the substance of the liver, brain, &c. to which it is impossible an egg, however small, can be conveyed, the inference that equivocal generation does take place, is very strong. Dr. Knox's hypothesis, that the tape worm is produced by the meat of unhealthy or diseased animals, and that it may be taken into the stomach in a perfect state, is too ridiculous for comment. If such meat contained a worm or an egg, surely the vitality of either would be destroyed by the process of boiling or roasting, or by mastication. The assertion that worms are not the consequences of indigestion, is also not correct. The best preventive of every species of worms is iron, and the most efficacious combination is the Epsom salt crystallized with it, noticed in our present Number.

NAPOLEON BUONAPARTE.-In this enlightened age, a case of disease derives importance, from the character and rank of the subject of it. The case of his late Majesty, noticed in our 51st Number, was, however, interesting both in a metaphysical and a pathological point of view, independent of his elevated situation. In him, after the brain ceased to perform the intellectual functions, which some metaphysicians consider the operations of the soul, the influence of vis medicatrix naturæ in the animal economy, which others have attributed to the soul, continued in full force, so that the health of the body was not impaired, till the effects of old age were manifest in the stomach and bowels. The case of the late Princess Charlotte of Wales remains interesting, because, in Hibernian phraseology, which although sometimes ridiculous, is often very expressive, it was never made out. The case of Selles, although the subject was in a menial capacity, also continues interesting, because it was scientifically examined, and gave rise to an ingenious and highly satisfactory report, for which the able surgeon justly received the honor of a baronetage. The late operation, of removing a small incysted tumor from the head of his Majesty, although the most simple in surgery, and attended with no risk, has been published in all the papers of Europe, and the operator is to receive a titular honor, because the subject was a monarch.

The case of Napoleon Buonaparte is highly interesting, not only in a medical point of view, but from his peculiar situation, and the elevated

rank he maintained for many years in Europe, as an Emperor, and as a man of very superior mental endowments, a man whose like, as a philosopher, politician, and monarch, even his enemies admit, was never known before in this quarter of the globe.

Napoleon Buonaparte from his infancy to his arrival at St. Helena, enjoyed an uninterrupted state of good health.-His mind was of an active turn, but his body was of that cool temperament, that neither corporeal nor mental fatigue disturbed his general health. It has been said, that in consequence of the want of sleep, during an active campaign, he experienced an epileptic fit; but we have reason to believe that the report was not correct. His mode of living was extremely abstemious, His breakfast and evening repast consisted of coffee and biscuit, and for dinner he made choice of the most simple dishes. When a roasted shoulder of mutton appeared on the table, which was frequently the case, in consequence of his partiality to it being known, he generally made his dinner of it. Of wine he took very sparingly, and to spirits he had a great dislike.

After residing some months on the island of St. Helena, he sometimes experienced symptoms of indigestion, which his medical attendant attributed chiefly to the influence of the climate, a sedentary life, and mental inquietude, although the latter was by no means apparent, for he slept soundly, and he conversed coolly on the political changes which had taken place in Europe; and when speaking of the events which were most likely to disturb his mind, he appeared to be cheerful.

He indeed seemed to be too well acquainted with human life, to feel the difference between a monarch and a prisoner. A retrospective view of his political career was a source of comfort to him, and he often observed, he only wished to reign in France as long as he could support her independence, and contribute to her happiness. On the dismissal of Mr. Stokoe (of whose professional abilities and integrity he entertained the highest opinion), by the English government, Dr. O'Meara was appointed his physician and surgeon. This gentleman also enjoyed his implicit confidence; but, it seems, the attention and respect the Doctor paid his patient, did not meet with the approbation of the Governor of the island, and the Commissioners appointed by the Holy Alliance, to watch his motions and attend to his wants. A medical attendant was in consequence appointed by his Holiness the Pope, who very judiciously sent a confessor with him. To the surgeon, M. Antommarchi, we had the honor of being introduced, during his short stay in London. He was an excellent anatomist, but with the practice of surgery and physic he appeared to us to be unacquainted.

Napoleon Buonaparte was so perfectly satisfied, with the first view of the gentlemen the Pope had so kindly appointed to superintend his material and immaterial parts, that he declined to give them any further trouble.

Napoleon Buonaparte, even during the most active part of his political career, paid attention, not only to the Medical Institutions of France, but also to the science of medicine. He appeared to be well acquainted with the prevailing medical theories in England, and often ridiculed the hepatic doctrines, and the fashion of administering calomel, under the idea that all diseases arise from a morbid condition of

the liver. Often on consulting Mr. Stokoe, he has observed with a smile, "A little calomel, I suppose, Mr. Stokoe ?" When Mr. Antommarchi, the Italian surgeon, was first introduced to him, he gave him one of his usual penetrating looks, and after a short conversation, his countenance and conduct seemed to say,

"Let Galen moulder on the shelf,

"I'll be physician to myself."

Napoleon, for three years after his captivity, continued to enjoy a pretty good state of health. About two years before his death, he complained of not being equal to his usual exercise, evidently in consequence of corpulency, and the relaxing influence of the climate. In the short walk which he was in the habit of taking to his favourite spot, where his mortal remains are deposited, he often sat down, and when in this state, he has frequently observed, "this climate will soon put an end to my worldly concerns, and set at liberty those poor fellows who are kept here to guard me."

About the 17th of March last, he complained of indigestion and general lassitude. M. Antommarchi continued to visit him regularly for about a fortnight, when, in consequence of the complaint of the stomach, and general debility increasing, he expressed a wish of having further medical advice. The Governor, Sir Hudson Lowe, on being acquainted with his wish, and the alarming nature of his malady, with the humanity for which he has always been particularly distinguished, acquiesced. A Dr. Arnott was accordingly desired to meet M. Antommarchi, and this physician continued to visit him daily till the day of his dissolution. Dr. Short and a Dr. Mitchell, principal medical officers of the royal navy, on the station, also met Antommarchi in consultation, two days previously to his death; but they were not allowed, or, as Sir Hudson Lowe observes, had not the opportunity of seeing him!! Sir Hudson visited his apartments, with some British officers on the station, the Commissioners of the Holy Alliance, and a few of Napoleon's domestics, the morning after his death, to ascer tain if his immortal part had really quitted its earthly tenement. This visit, we are told, was truly affecting. Sir Hudson viewed the body with the coolness of a stoic, whilst some remained petrified with a kind of wondering grief. At two o'clock his body was opened by Antommarchi, in the presence of Drs. Short, Mitchell, Arnott and Burton, and Surgeon Livingstone, after which, the following statement of the appearances on dissection was drawn up, and sent to Sir Hudson Lowe, for the information of the courts of Europe:

Longwood, St. Helena, May 6, 1821. On a superficial view, the body appeared very fat, which state was confirmed by the first incision down its centre, where the fat was upwards of one inch and a half over the abdomen. On cutting through the cartilages of the ribs, and exposing the cavity of the chest, a trifling adhesion of the left pleura was found to the pleura costalis. About three ounces of reddish fluid were contained in the left cavity, and nearly eight ounces in the right. The lungs were quite sound. The pericardium was natural, and contained about an ounce of fluid.

"The heart was of the natural size, but thickly covered with fat. The auricles and ventricles exhibited nothing extraordinary, except that the muscular parts appeared rather paler than natural.

Upon opening the abdomen the omentum was found remarkably fat, and on exposing the stomach, that viscus was found the seat of extensive disease. Strong adhesions connected the whole superior surface, particularly about the pyloric extremity, to the concave surface of the left lobe of the liver; and on separating these, an ulcer, which penetrated the coats of the stomach, was discovered one inch from the pylorus, sufficient to allow the passage of the little finger. The internal surface of the stomach, to nearly its whole extent, was a mass of cancerous disease or scirrhous portions advancing to cancer: this was particularly noticed near the pylorus. The cardiac extremity, for a small space near the termination of the oesophagus, (the gullet) was the only part appearing in a healthy state. The stomach was found nearly filled with a large quantity of fluid, resembling coffee grounds.

"The convex surface of the left lobe of the liver adhered to the diaphragm. With the exception of the adhesions occasioned by the disease in the stomach, no unhealthy appearance presented itself in the liver. The remainder of the abdominal viscera were in a healthy state. A slight peculiarity in the formation of the left kidney was observed. (Signed) THOMAS SHORT, M.D. a Principal Medical Officer. ARCH. ARNOTT, M.D. Surgeon 20th Regiment. CHARLES MITCHELL, M.D. Surgeon of H.M.S. Vigo. FRANCIS BURTON, M.D. Surgeon 66th Regiment. MATTHEW LIVINGSTONE, Surgeon H. C. Service." The morbid appearances noticed in this report, not confirming the opinion Dr. O'Meara had given, that the liver of Napoleon Buonaparte was diseased, that gentleman addressed the following letter to the Editor of the Morning Chronicle for publication:

"SIR,

London, July 8, 1821.

"The Courier of the 4th inst. having stated that Napoleon died of a ' cancer in the stomach,' and that he ordered his body to be opened, ' as he suspected that he was dying of the same disease which killed his father,' I conceive myself imperatively called upon to make some observations, as well upon these assertions, as upon a letter fabricated by some anonymous calumniator, for the purpose of depreciating my character, by stating that all the surgeons present agreed that no liver complaint had ever existed,' and also upon the statements officially promulgated in last night's Gazette.

"It is stated by the Governor of St. Helena, in his dispatch, that Napoleon died on the 5th of May, of an illness which confined him to his apartments since the 17th of March last, and farther says, that the body was opened the following day, in the presence of five English medical officers (all of them belonging either to the army or the navy), that Professor Antommarchi assisted at the dissection; and that after a careful examination of the several internal parts of the body, the whole of the medical gentlemen present concurred in a Report on their appearance, which Report, he adds, is inclosed.

"The Report states the stomach to have been found the seat of extensive disease, that strong adhesions connected the whole of the superior surface, particularly about the pyloric extremity, to the concave surface of the left lobe of the liver; on separating these, an ulcer which penetrated the coats of the stomach was discovered, &c. The internal