known. What similar legends are to be was not allowed. Is it possible that this payment by the city has been assigned to the wrong Parliament? It is to be noted that the names of the members for the county "MACARONI FIDDLE": "MACARONI TOOLS." are wanting in 1558/9. Sir William Wood-A macaroni fiddle is mentioned in con-house was knight of the shire in the Parnexion with a French horn, a violin, a bass, liaments both preceding and following that a bassoon, &c., in Fanny Burney's 'Early of 1558/9, and might well have been returned Diary (1889), ii. 185 (April, 1777). What to this. But his colleague Thomas Sotherton kind of instrument is meant? And what are could hardly have represented any other "macaroni tools," referred to, along with constituency than the city of which he was "skew chisels," in an article in Routledge's an alderman. "Every Boy's Annual,' 1872? I should be glad of any other examples of either of these HENRY BRADLEY. terms. Clarendon Press, Oxford. Cox. Lowton, Newton-le-Willows. W. D. PINK. LEWIS CARROLL'S PEDIGREE.-I have been asked many hundreds of times, and occaBAND: WALLRON, C. 1760.-I am trying to that not in England alone, whether I am sionally by correspondents of 'N. & Q.,' and trace the father of Mary Waldron, a ward of the same family as C. L. Dodgson, the in Chancery, who married George Band, a author of 'The Hunting of the Snark,' with farmer and woolstapler of Higham-on-the- whom I was acquainted. Not having studied Hill, Nuneaton, Leicestershire, about 1760. the question by the aid of the official registers Mary Waldron Band had three daughters, of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, Patience, Mary, and Nancy. Patience married I can only answer that my grandfather, my Gubbins, and Mary married Nancy went o London and married a banker father, and my paternal aunts, who were also of the name of Hatfield or Atwell. Elizabeth believed that they had a common ancestor. acquainted with that author and his father, Cox married, c. 1800-5, William Hornsby, Will some correspondent of N. & Q.' let my grandfatier, who lived and died at Cotes- us know if this belief can be shown to be bach, near Iutterworth, Leicestershire. The Coxes, I thnk, lived at Nuneaton or Ather- Carroll. He was the first president of the well grounded? I knew the uncle of Lewis stone. I an directly descended from Mary Union Society in Oxford. E. S. DODGSON. Waldron and George Band, and shall be grateful to any one who can inform me where the marriage of Elizabeth Cox and William Hornsly cook place. (Mrs.) ELIZA BAILEY. 2330, West Thompson Street, Philadelphia. 1.P.S FOR NORWICH IN 1558/9.-Can some Eat Anglian correspondent throw light upon the uncertain return? According to the Bae-book list Sir William Woodhouse and Aderman Thomas Sotherton were elected n 30 January, 1558/9. Browne Willis gives s the members William [should be Edward] Flowerdew and Alderman John Aldrych, and it seems fairly certain that these two sat in this Parliament, if, as alleged, the local records state that the city of Norwich paid them 361. for sixty-four days' knight's meat in 1 Elizabeth. Both Flowerdew and Aldrych were elected for Norwich in the Parliament of 1572, though the election of Flowerdew Replies. THE UNITED STATES AND ST. MAR- (9th S. xii. 1, 63, 123, 164.) The well-known letter from Lady Ralegh to her brother Sir Nicholas Carew, in which she requested his permission for the remains of her "nobell hosban" to be interred in Beddington Church, expressly mentions, "The Lordes have geven me his ded boddi, though they denied me his life. This nit hee shall be brought you with two or three of my men." Although the letter is undated, Edwards ('Life of Ralegh,' 1868, ii. 413) suggests it was penned on 30 October, the day after the execution. But if the inscription on the present tablet be correct, Ralegh's remains were interred in the chancel of that church "on the day" of the beheadal; and Lady Ralegh's letter must therefore have been written on the same day. Why her request was not complied with we know not. According to Gardiner ('Hist. of England,' 1883, iii. 151) “his remains were delivered to his wife, and were by her buried in St. Margaret's." For this Gardiner gives no authority, nor are the probabilities in favour of it. There is greater reason to rely on the statement in the 'D.N.B.' of the burial having taken place there "in spite of "-that is, in opposition to-the expressed desire of Lady Ralegh for the removal to Beddington. The cause of this sudden alteration in the intended disposal of the body has been indicated by Edwards (i. 692-3, 709). Although the king was absent from London, his warrant" pro decollatione Walteri Ralegh, Militis," is dated "Westminster, 28 Oct.," it having "been predetermined that the hearing [at Westminster] should be immediately followed by the beheading, despite all entreaty, at an early hour [8 o'clock] at the very next morning. That was the morning of the Lord Mayor's pageant, which would be sure to draw the London crowd eastwards. Before anything could be generally known of the doom......that doom would have been fulfilled." James kept away from the capital, so that no further intercession in favour of the condemned man was possible; and the king "spent some of the hours unoccupied by field sports in writing 'Meditations on the Lord's Prayer."" hath neither stone nor inscription" (Brief Lives,' 1898, ii. 193). According to Edwards (i. 706), "for a long time no inscription was placed above the grave of Ralegh." Edwards adds, "The spot was marked, I believe, by the armorial bearings of the tenant." It would be of interest to learn whence he derived his information, as none of the authorities yet examined refer to it. Sir Walter's son Carew was interred in his father's grave on 1 January, 1666, but neither a separate inscription, nor a sculptured coat of arms on the gravestone, could have existed at that time, otherwise Aubrey, who was aware of the second burial, must have seen and recorded it. Nor, so far as the stone is concerned, was anything noticed upon it during the church restorations of the past century. We now come to your torrespondent's quotation from the Rev. M. E. C. Walcott's History of St. Margaret's Church,' viz., "The old wooden tablet was replaced in 1845 at the expense of several subscrbers." If he had consulted the later work of that writer, entitled 'Memorials of Westminser,' he would have noticed the following extended account: "The old wooden tablet, which hadbeen put up by a churchwarden, gave way to a memrial of 'plain tin or copper with a frame, painted lue with gilt letters,' which was replaced in 1845 y an elegant mural tablet, with a brass plate, at the expense of several subscribers" (ed. 1851, p. 142). This intermediate tablet must have had a comparatively brief existence, as the vooden and Bray's History of Surrey' (i 40), one, according to an entry in Minning remained in situ in 1814. The main object of this communication has been simply to point out that it wa not that a Ralegh memorial of any kind ws to until a century after his death had elapsed be seen in St. Margaret's Church. Tradtion alone seems to have preserved the memor of the site where the remains of the geat Englishman were deposited. Since the foregoing was written, the follwto the Raleh As might well be supposed, it was soon discovered that a most unpopular act had been committed, and one that would bring discredit on all concerned in it. The removal of the body to its destined resting-place in Surrey would evidently prove to be a hazardous proceeding, as probably leading to a popular outbreak. We can scarcely doubt that the fear of a popular demonstration following paragraph relating ing the indecently hasty execution prompted the authorities to run no risk of that kind, and thereupon they hastily determined, despite the promise to Lady Ralegh (who already had possession of her late husband's head), to bury the body in the nearest church, which happened to be St. Margaret's, other wise there appeared to be no special reason for selecting it beyond any other. the words of Aubrey (1626-97), he was "buried privately there. And the same IS MR. HARLAND-OXLEY in his very interestauthor forcibly remarks, "Sir Walter Raleighing paper quite accurate as to the origin of To use memorial has been found in Pennan's the early Christian symbol ix@ûs? I thought it first stood, like the figure of a fish, for a symbol of baptism-perhaps a cryptic or veiled symbol understood by Christians among themselves. Later, like the IHS on some crucifixes, it was reinterpreted, being rendered as 'Inooûs Xploròs coû viòs owryp, and IHS, the abbreviation of IHZOYZ, as Jesus Hominum Salvator. If I am right, it throws light on what has seemed the somewhat far-fetched explanation of baptism in the Church Catechism, "A death unto sin," founded on one single sentence of St. Paul, "Buried with Him in baptism," whereas it seems natural to suppose that water-baptism was chosen to represent the cleansing of the soul from the carnal tendency to rebel against loving authority. T. WILSON. Harpenden. 6 or ASH PLACE-NAME (9th S. xii. 106, 211).—MR. W. H. DUIGNAN and other readers may be interested in the fact that in the name of a village called Lasham, in Hampshire, lies buried the place-name of Ash, carrying out his suggestion that places named Ash are derived from the Saxon csc. 1. Anglo-Saxon.-Esc (ash), ham or hame (home), the homestead in the ash-trees. 2. Norman. Esseham (Domesday Book), 1086. 3. Norman, later.-1284 (John de Pontissara's Register, Bishop of Winchester 12821304). La-s-ham. It will be seen that the Norman prefix La (the) had been added, the s representing the Esse slurred, and ham retained in full. 4. Modern.-Lasham. FRANK LASHAM. Not only is there One Ash-the late John from An Essay on Gaming, in an Epistle 'Drums, Routs, and Hurricanes are fashionable Names for Card-Assemblies. A Drum is when a Lady has six Tables at play; a Route, twelve; and "CYCLOPÆDIA": "ENCYCLOPÆDIA" (9th S xii. 27, 172).—When I wrote the note at the first of these references, I was thinking entirely of prefixing or not prefixing "En" to "Cyclopædia." Not only the Oxford, but some smaller ones (e.g., Annandale's Modern Cyclopedia' and Fosbroke's 'Encyclopedia of Antiquities'), have substituted e for the diphthong . Personally, I think this an Personally, I think this an improvement, but I must demur to the suggestion to drop "all diphthongs." It would look very strange to print "Cesar Atheneum," but no one would now write Egypt or Ethiopia, æther or æternal. The rule usually followed with a is to substitute e when it commences a word, and retain the INFANT SAVIOUR AT THE BREAST (9th S. diphthong in any other part of it. The ex-xii. 29, 115).—In reply to MR. SWYNNERTON, ceptions are rather apparent than real, I should think it almost impossible to medieval, for instance (which I think is now usually written thus), being a compound word, one component of which is "æval," from Lat. ævum, the root word of eternus, formerly aviternus. But with regard to names of persons or places in which we have followed the Latin in representing the Greek or by a, that usage seems to take place in all parts of the word, as in Edipus, Bercea, and it would be a pity to lose all trace of its origin by substituting e for a as well as for æ. There would also be great risk that Edipus, if written Edipus, would be sounded in English with a short e. If it were preferred to restore the Greek spelling Or, that must be done throughout and the word spelt Oidipous. I notice that the revisers have substituted a for e in Phenicia, as it appears in the Authorized Version of the New Testament (Acts xxi. 2). The words " economy and œcumenical (both derived ultimately from the Greek 66 supply a trustworthy list of representations all know, there was a temple at Paphos, in clxxvi.; The Testimony of the Catacombs,' Cyprus, dedicated to the Virgin Mylitta, by the Rev. Wharton B. Marriott, 1870; De which was the most celebrated in Grecian Rossi's 'Imagines Selectæ Virginis Deiparæ '; times. See T. W. Doane's Bible Myths,' and Northcote's 'Roma Sotterranea,' p. 258, fourth edition, and Lundy's Monumental plate x. fig. 1. J. HOLDEN MACMICHAEL. Christianity.' An image that bears a striking resemblance to mine was found at Tarentum MALTESE LANGUAGE AND HISTORY (9th S. in A.D. 1774, and, like the Babylonian Mylitta, x. 466; xi. 91).-The late Rev. M. A. Camilleri, was of baked clay. It has been suggested D.D., a native of Malta, and for thirty-four that it was an ex voto offering to Juno years vicar of Lyford, Berks, translated the Lucina, the goddess of marriage and child- New Testament and the Book of Common birth among the Greeks and Romans. An Prayer into Maltese. Dr. Camilleri died this account is given in Lundy, which is accom-year at the ripe age of eighty-seven. panied by a plate (fig. 95, pp. 215-16). The J. B. McGoVERN. images are mostly shown with the child in the arms, and not at the breast, and this latter fact induces me to accord an earlier date than 800 B.C., as the Phoenicians were in Cyprus long before that, even in the time of Sargon of Akkad (B.C. 3800), and he worshipped the same goddess Istar (Boscawen, 'Bible and the Monuments,' second edition, 1895, pp. 22-23). There is a reproduction from De Rossi's 'Images of the Nativity' in Lundy, plate 89, p. 206, which shows the child at the breast, and at p. 229 is the following: "Perhaps the most complete counterpart of this [mosaic in the church of St. Maria of Trastevere] in paganism is an ancient Hindu sculpture of Bhavani or Parvati." Plate 96, p. 217 of the same work, is from Moor's 'Hindu Pantheon,' and shows Devaki and Krishna, the Hindu Madonna and Child; and a portion of the same plate is given in Hulme's 'Symbolism in Christian Art,' p. 119, without acknowledgment. If we turn to Montfaucon's Antiq. Explained,' English edition, 1721, vol. ii. plate 37, fig. 13, we have a picture of Isis and Horus, the babe at the breast; so that to make a list complete it is necessary to exhaust Babylonia, Assyria, Egypt, India, and Persia, as well as Europe. F. M. H. K. The Wallace collection at Hertford House contains two or three pictures of the Virgin with the Child at her breast. J. R. The painting of the Blessed Virgin with the Holy Child at her breast on the vaulted roof of a loculus in the Cemetery of Priscilla is deemed by De Rossi to belong almost to the apostolic age. A photograph of this may be seen among J. H. Parker's Historical Photographs of the Catacombs,' No. viii. The interpretation that the family group consists of Joseph on the left hand and the Holy Child and His Mother is probably, though not with absolute certainty, the true one. See Bottari, 'Sculture e Pitture Sagre,' tav. St. Stephen's Rectory, C.-on-M., Manchester. MIDLAND REGISTERS (9th S. xii. 209).—MIDLANDER does not seem to be aware that there is a Staffordshire Parish Register Society in existence. It has already published several registers, and could, no doubt, do more if it got more subscribers. If MIDLANDER wishes to subscribe, he should write to the Secretary, the Rev. F. J. Wrottesley, Denstone Vicarage, Uttoxeter. G. S. P. FARTHINGS (9th S. xii. 169, 238).-Dislike to receiving farthings in payment of purchases is not confined to country towns and villages, for W. C. L. F. would experience equal difficulty in inducing tradesmen over the greater part of London to accept them in payment. True, there are certain poor districts in South and East London where farthings have a definite purchasing value, and a farthingsworth of tea, sugar, milk, or bread is easily procurable. But elsewhere in London and its suburbs tradespeople would almost certainly refuse farthings. Quite recently I have seen both omnibus and tram conductors refuse to take farthings in payment of fares from lady passengers, and I have been curious enough to inquire the reason. The reply has been in each case that the cashiers of the omnibus and tram companies refuse to accept farthings from their employees. Drapers frequently sell goods costing odd farthings, but rarely, if ever, give farthings in change, substituting small packets of pins, &c. The reason why it is so difficult to dispose of farthings in this way is, I believe, because bankers do not accept them from their customers when the latter are paying money into their accounts. The behaviour of the "presiding genius" at the post office who refused to take your valued contributor's farthings appears to me inexcusable and inexplicable. The 'Postal Guide,' which is expressly stated to be published "by authority,' announces that the price of a single postcard is d., and of a of buildings belonging to Balliol opposite Martyrs' MARAT IN LONDON (9th S. xii. 7, 109, 175, 235).-The question of Marat's guilt as the Oxford Museum thief in January, 1776, cannot be settled by mere assertion on one side or the other. Assertion may satisfy some, but careful reasoners will accept nothing here, short of proof. MR. ROBERTS talks of "the traditional falsehoods respecting Marat," of "facts long exploded," &c., adding, “I did my best to kill all these absurd legends......a few years ago"; but he forgets where he did so. I now remind him that it was in the Gentleman's Magazine for May, 1900. His memory is bad, and his "best" is no better. That brief article is only a faint echo of what Mr. Morse Stephens wrote in the Academy in December, 1882, and repeated more fully, and DONHEAD ST. MARY (9th S. xii. 205).Entries in the 'Composition Books' at the Public Record Office show that William Mosley, clerk, compounded for the first fruits of Donhead St. Andrew rectory on 26 May, 6 Eliz. (1564), and that Nicholas Roger alias Rogers, clerk, compounded for the first fruits of Donhead St. Mary rectory on 7 March, 8 Eliz. (1565/6). I have searched the 'Index' as feebly, in the Pall Mall Magazine for to these books in vain for any entry showing | that Roger Bolbelt was rector of Donhead St. Andrew or John Fessard rector of Donhead St. Mary; but by the statute 2 & 3 Ph. & M., c. 4 (1555), the payment of the first fruits of spiritual livings to the Crown ceased until that statute was repealed by 1 Eliz., c. 4, and both Bolbelt and Fessard may have been appointed such rectors between 1555 and "CATHERINE WHEEL" INN (9th S. xii. 188). -Mr. H. Hurst, in 'Oxford Topography' (Oxf. Hist. Soc., 1899), p. 109, says : "Where Canditch (now Broad Street) and St. Giles' Street meet there was a tenement thus referred to in Savage's 'Balliofergus' (p. 61): The corner Tenement, over-against Candych, was given (1377 to Balliol), but when or how the Tenement adjoining to it, which is now the South-part of the Katherine-Wheel, came to be the Colledges, I doe not find; the said Tenement seemed to have belonged to St. Fridisweds (now Ch: Ch:), as being formerly described in the Deed to be directly opposite to the East-end of Magdalen Church.'" Anthony Wood's 'City of Oxford' (1889 edition), vol. i. p. 360 note, has : "Cardinal's Hat or New Inn are Cæsar's lodgings (viz., a site now occupied by south end of new block October, 1896. To return to MR. ROBERTS now he asserts much, but reasons little and loosely. Obviously he is still in the dark. Where such patent clerical errors as "Bey" for Rey-Rousseau's publisher at Amsterdam, whom Marat sought out for that reasonand "1786" for 1776, the year of the theft with which Marat is charged, are uncorrected by MR. ROBERTS, close scrutiny reveals far more serious errors. Misstatements and illfounded conclusions bristle in his article, as will appear, I am told, in a leading magazine before Christmas, which MR. ROBERTS and his confrères of the Marat cult will be able to see. But is it necessary to repeat that suspicion based upon strong evidence cannot be dispelled by mere assertion based only upon empty conjecture? MR. ROBERTS has a seemingly strong case, though he does not improve it. But there is an equally strong one to answer, and neither he nor Mr. Morse Stephens, nor any one else, has answered it yet. Marat used an alias when it suited him. What was to prevent Dr. Marat, M.D., of St. Andrews and Soho in January, 1776, from going down to Oxford as Le Maître, a teacher of French, later in that very month, robbing the Ashmolean Museum, escaping to Dublin, being caught, brought back to Oxford, convicted, and sent to the Woolwich hulks as Le Maître in March, 1777, again escaping-for Marat was as slippery as an eel-and reappearing in June as the learned "Dr. Marat" in Paris, having dropped his alias with his hulks attire? Nothing but the vigilance of warders, who were not |