rulers (from Lat. imperator), revived in 1913 in favor of Prince William of Wied, whose Mpretship, as a result of the outbreak of the Great War, lasted only a few months.

Nawab. The native rulers of Bhopal, Tonk, Jaora, and some other Indian States.

Padishah (Pers. protecting lord). A title of the Sultan of Turkey, the Shah of Persia, and of the former Great Moguls; also of the King of Great Britain as Emperor of India.

Pendragon. The title assumed by the ancient British overlord.

Polemarch. See Archon.

Prince. Formerly in common use as the title of a reigning sovereign, as it still is in a few cases, such as the Prince of Monaco and Prince of Liechtenstein.

Rajah. Hindustani for king (cp. Maharajah): specifically the title of the native rulers of Cochin, Ratlam, Tippera, Chamba, Faridkot, Mandi, Pudukota, Rajgarh, Rajpipla, Sailana, and Tehri (Garhwal). Cp. Rex.

Ranee or Rani. A Hindu queen, the feminine of Rajah.

แ

Rex (reg-em). The Latin equivalent of our king,' connected with regere, to rule, and with Sanskrit rajan (whence Rajah), a king.

Sachem, Sagamore. Chieftains of certain tribes of North American Indians. Satrap. The governor of a province in ancient Persia.

Shah (Pers. king). The supreme ruler of Persia and of some other Eastern countries. Cp. Padishah.

Sheikh. An Arab chief, or head man of a tribe.

Shogun. The title of the virtual rulers of Japan (representing usurping families who kept the true Emperor in perpetual confinement with some prestige of sovereignty but little power) from about the close of the 12th century to the revolution of 1867-1868. It means 'leader of an army," and was originally the title of military governors. Also called the Tycoon.

Sirdar. The commander-in-chief of the Egyptian army and military governor of Egypt.

Stadtholder. Originally a viceroy in a province of the Netherlands, but later the chief executive officer of the United Provinces.

Sultan (formerly also Soldan). The title of the rulers of many Mohammedan

States, especially Turkey, before the formation of the new Turkish state. Tetrarch. The governor of the fourth part of a province in the ancient Roman Empire.

Tycoon. An alternative title of the Japanese Shogun (q.v.). The word is from Chinese and means great sovereign." Vali. The title of the governors of Egypt prior to 1867, when the style Khedive (q.v.) was granted by the Sultan. Also a Turkish official.

Voivode, or Vaivode. Properly (Russ.) "the leader of an army." The word was for a time assumed as a title by the Princes of Moldavia and Wallachia, later called Hospodars (q.v.).

(2) The following names have been adopted in varying degrees as royal titles among the peoples mentioned:

Abgarus (The Grand). So the kings of Edessa were styled.

Abim'elech (my father the king). The chief ruler of the ancient Philistines.

Attabeg (father prince). Persia, 1118. Augustus. The title of the reigning Emperor of Rome, when the heir presumptive was styled "Cæsar."

Cæsar. Proper name adopted by the Roman emperors. See Kaiser; Czar. Canda'ce. Proper name adopted by the queens of Ethiopia.

Cyrus (mighty). Ancient Persia. Dari'us, Latin form of Darawesh (king). Ancient Persia.

Melech (king). Ancient Semitic tribes. Pha'raoh (light of the world). Ancient Egypt.

Ptolemy. Proper name adopted by Egypt after the death of Alexander.

Sophy or Sophi. A former title of the kings of Persia, from Cafi-ud-din, the founder of the ancient dynasty of the Cafi or Cafavi.

Rump Parliament. See Parliament. Rumpelstilzchen. A passionate little deformed dwarf of German folk-tale. A miller's daughter was enjoined by a king to spin straw into gold, and the dwarf did it for her, on condition that she would give him her first child. The maiden married the king, and grieved so bitterly when the child was born that the dwarf promised to relent if within three days she could find out his name. Two days were spent in vain guesses, but the third day one of the queen's servants heard a strange voice singing

Little dreams my dainty dame
Rumpelstilzchen is my name.

Running Parliament. See Parliament.

Runnymede. A name assumed by Benjamin Disraeli (1805-1881) in the Times.

Rush, Friar. A legendary house-spirit who originated as a kind of ultra-mischievous and evil-dispositioned Robin. Goodfellow in medieval German folk-tales (Bruder Rausch, i.e. intoxication, which shows us at once that Friar Rush was the spirit of inebriety). His particular duty was to lead monks and friars into wickedness and keep them in it. A prose History of Friar Rush appeared in English as early as 1568, and in 1601 Henslowe records a comedy (now lost), Friar Rush and the Proud Woman of Antwerp by Day and Houghton.

Ruskin, John (1819-1900). English prose writer, best known for his Modern Painters, Seven Lamps of Architecture, Sesame and Lilies and The Crown of Wild Olive.

Russian. For The Russian Byron, The Russian Murat, etc., see under Byron, Murat.

Rustam or Rustum. Chief of the Persian mythical heroes, son of Zâl "the Fair," king of India, and regular descendant of Benjamin, the beloved son of Jacob the patriarch. His story is told in the Persian epic Shah Namah (q.v.). He delivered King Caïcaus from prison, but afterwards fell into disgrace because he refused to embrace the religious system of Zoroaster. Caïcaus sent his son Asfendiar (or Isfendiar) to convert him, and, as persuasion availed nothing, the logic of single combat was resorted to. The fight lasted two days, and then Rustam discovered that Asfendiar bore a charmed life," proof against all wounds. The valor of these two heroes is proverbial, and the

Persian romances are full of their deeds of fight. Rustam is also famous for his victory over the white dragon Asdeev. In Matthew Arnold's poem Sohrab and Rustum, Rustum fights with Sohrab, overcomes him, and finds too late he has slain his own son.

Ruth. Heroine of a love story of the Old Testament told in the book of Ruth. She is a Moabitess, and the chief appeal of the idyll lies in her devotion to her Hebrew mother-in-law, Naomi, after the death of her husband, Naomi's son. She accompanies Naomi back to Bethlehem with the words, "Entreat me not to leave thee and to return from following after thee; for whither thou goest, I will go; and where thou lodgest, I will lodge; thy people shall be my people and thy God my God." In Bethlehem she becomes a gleaner in the fields of Boaz, a rich kinsman; and he falls in love with her and marries her.

Rutherford, Mark. See Mark Rutherford. Ryecroft, Henry. Hero of George Gissing's Private Papers of Henry Ryecroft, a study of the problems and disillusionments of the literary life.

Ryence, King. A Welsh king of the Arthurian romances, who sent a dwarf to King Arthur to say he had overcome eleven kings, all of whom gave him their beards to purfell his mantle. He now required King Arthur to do likewise. King Arthur returned answer, My beard is full young yet for a purfell, but before it is long enough for such a purpose, King Ryence shall do me homage on both his knees." See Percy's Reliques, series iii, Bk. 1.

66

Rymenhild. The princess beloved by King Horn (q.v.).

S. O. S. The arbitrary code signal used by Marconi wireless operators on board ship to summon the assistance of any vessels within call; hence, an urgent appeal for help.

The letters have been held to stand for save our souls or save our ship, but they were adopted merely for convenience, being 3 dots, 3 dashes, and 3 dots,

During the Great War the school attached to headquarters for the training of snipers was known as the SOS section.

S.P.Q.R. Senatus Populus Que Rom'anus (the Roman Senate and People). Letters inscribed on the standards of ancient Rome.

Saba, The Queen of. See Sheba.

Sabbat'ical Year. One year in seven when all land with the ancient Jews was to lie fallow for twelve months. This law was founded on Ex. xxiii. 10, etc.; Lev. xxv. 2-7; Deut. xv. 1-11. It is used for a missionary's furlough, or a year of vacation from a profession.

Sabotage. Wilful and malicious destruction of tools, plant, machinery, materials, etc., by discontented workmen or strikers. The term came into use after the great French railway strike of 1912, when the strikers cut the shoes (sabots) holding the railway lines.

Sabra. The legendary daughter of "Ptolemy, King of Egypt," rescued by St. George from the fangs of the dragon and ultimately married to her deliverer. She is represented as pure in mind, saintly in character, a perfect citizen, daughter, and wife. Her three sons, born at a birth, were named Guy, Alexander and David. Sabra died from the "pricks of a thorny brake.'

Sabre, Mark. The hero of Hutchinson's If Winter Comes (q.v.). He says of himself that he is unsatisfactory, because I've got the most infernal habit of seeing things from about twenty points of view."

Sabri'na. The Latin name of the river Severn, but in British legend the name of the daughter of Locrine and his concubine Estrildis. Locrine's queen, Guendolen, vowed vengeance against Estrildis and her daughter, gathered an together, and overthrew her husband. Sabrina fled and jumped into the Severn;

army

goddess of the river, which is hence poetically called Sabri'na.

There is a gentle nymph not far from hence,
That with moist curb sways the smooth Severn stream
Sabrina is her name, a virgin pure.
Milton: Comus, 840

Sacco Benedetto or San Beni'to (Span. the blessed sack or cloak). The yellow linen robe with two crosses on it, and painted over with flames and devils, in which persons condemned by the Spanish Inquisition were arrayed when they went to the stake. See Auto da fé. In the case of those who expressed repentance for their errors, the flames were directed downwards. Penitents who had been taken before the Inquisition had to wear this badge for a stated period. Those worn by Jews, sorcerers, and renegades bore a St. Andrew's cross in red on back and front.

Sachem. A chief among some of the North American Indian tribes. Sagamore is a similar title.

Sachs, Hans. In Wagner's opera, The Meistersinger (q.v.), the old town cobbler, singer and poet of Nuremberg. Sachs was a real person, who lived 1494-1576, and left behind him thirty-four folio vols. of MS., containing 208 plays, 1700 comic tales, and about 450 lyric poems.

Here Hans Sachs, the cobbler-poet, laureate of the gentle craft, Wisest of the Twelve Wise Masters, in huge folios sang and laughed.

Longfellow: Nuremberg.

Sack. To give one the sack. To dismiss from further service. At one time manufacturers who employed those who worked at home put the work to be done in a bag or sack. If when brought back the work was satisfactory, the bag or sack was filled again with materials; if not, it was laid empty on the counter, and this indicated that the person would no longer be employed by the firm.

Sacrament. Originally "a military oath" (Lat. sacramentum) taken by the Roman soldiers not to desert their standard, turn their back on the enemy, or abandon their general. The early Christians used the word to signify "a sacred mystery," and hence its application to baptism, the Eucharist, marriage, confirmation, etc.

The five sacraments are Confirmation, Penance, Orders, Matrimony and Extreme Unction. These are not counted "Sacra

ments of the Gospel." See Thirty-nine | Articles, Article xxv.

The seven sacraments are Baptism, Confirmation, the Eucharist, Penance, Orders, Matrimony, and Extreme Unction.

The two sacraments of the Protestant Churches are Baptism and the Lord's Supper.

Sacred. Sacred Isle or Holy Island. Ireland was so called because of its many saints, and Guernsey for its many monks. The island referred to by Thomas Moore in his Irish Melodies (No. II.) is Scattery, to which St. Sena'nus retired, and vowed that no woman should set foot thereon. "Oh, haste and leave this sacred isle, Unholy bark, ere morning smile." St. Senanus and the Lady.

The Sacred Nine. The Muses (q.v.). Sacripant. In the Italian epic poems, Orlando Innamorato by Boiardo and Orlando Furioso by Ariosto, the Emperor of Circassia, one of the most notable of the Saracens who lays siege to Charlemagne's citadel in Paris. He is the lover and for a time the champion of the fair Angelica (q.v.), but fails to win her.

Sacys Bible. See Bible, Specially named.

Sad Fortunes of the Reverend Amos Barton. See Amos Barton.

Sad'ducees. A Jewish party which existed about the time of Christ. They denied the existence of spirits and angels, and, of course, disbelieved in the resurrection of the dead; said to be so called from Sadoc or Zadok (see 2 Sam. viii. 17), who is thought to have been a priest or rabbi some three centuries before the birth of Christ. They were opposed to the Pharisees in that they did not accept the oral parts of the Law traditionally handed down from Moses, and as they did not believe in future punishments, they punished offences with the utmost severity.

Sæhrimnir. The boar of Scandinavian myth, which is served to the gods in Valhalla every evening; by next morning the part eaten is miraculously restored.

Safa. In Mohammedan myth, the hill in Arabia on which Adam and Eve came together, after having been parted for 200 years, during which time they wandered homeless over the face of the earth.

Saga (plural Sagas). The Teutonic and Scandinavian mythological and historical traditions, chiefly compiled in the 12th and three following centuries. The most remarkable are those of Lodbrog, Hervara, Vilkina, Voluspa, Volsunga, Blomsturvalla Ynglinga, Olaf Tryggva-Sonar, with those

of Jomsvikingia and of Knytlinga (which contain the legendary history of Norway and Denmark), those of Sturlinga and Eryrbiggia (which contain the legendary history of Iceland), and the collections, the Heims- Kringla and New or Younger Edda, due to Snorri Sturleson. Cp. Volsunga Saga; Edda.

Sage. The Sage of Auburn. W. H. Seward (1801-1872), American politician. The Sage of Chappaqua. Horace Greeley (1811-1872), American editor and statesman.

The Sage of Chelsea. Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881) from his Chelsea residence.

The Sage of Concord. Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) from his Concord, Mass., home.

The Sage of Monticello. Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826), the third president of the United States, whose country seat was at Monticello, Va.

The Sage of Samos. Pythagoras (fl. B. C. 540-510), the Greek philosopher. The Seven Sages. See under Seven. Sage Hens. Inhabitants of Nevada. Sage-brush State. Nevada. See States. Sag'ittary. The name given in the medieval romances to the centaur, a mythical monster half horse and half man, whose eyes sparkled like fire and struck dead like lightning, fabled to have been introduced into the Trojan armies.

The dreadful Sagittary

Appals our numbers.

Shakespeare: Troilus and Cressida, v, 5.

The Saggittary" referred to in Othello i, 1:

Lead to the Sagittary the raised search,
And there will I be with him,

was probably an inn, but may have been the Arsenal, where, it is said, the statue of an archer is still to be seen.

Sago, Lot Sap. A typical Yankee character who appeared in C. A. Logan's comedy, Yankee Land (Am. 1834) and later in Hue and Cry (1846). Cp. Jonathan Ploughboy; Solomon Swap; Solon Shingle.

Sagramour le De'sirus. In Arthurian romance, a knight of the Round Table.

Sailor King. William IV. of England (1765, 1830-1837). who entered the navy as midshipman in 1779, and was made Lord High Admiral in 1827.

Saint, The (Il Santo). A novel by Fogazzaro. See Maironi, Piero.

Saint. (For fictitious names and titles of books beginning with Saint, see below under separate entries.) Among the most important saints of Christian tradition are the following:

St. Adrian. The patron saint of the Flemish brewers is represented in art with an anvil and a sword or axe close by it. He had his limbs cut off on a smith's anvil, and was afterwards beheaded.

St. Agatha. A saint who was tortured and martyred in Sicily during the Decian persecution of 251. She is sometimes represented in art with a pair of shears or pincers, and holding a salver on which are her breasts, these having been cut off. The Veil of St. Agatha is a miraculous veil belonging to St. Agatha, and deposited in the church of the city of Catania, in Sicily, where the saint suffered martyrdom. It is believed to be a sure defence against the eruptions of Mount Etna.

St. Agnes. A saint martyred in the Diocletian persecution (about 303) at the age of 13. She was tied to a stake, but the fire went out, and Aspasius, set to watch the martyrdom, drew his sword, and cut off her head. There is a picture of the incident by Domenichino. St. Agnes is the patron of young virgins. She is commemorated on January 21st.

One of Keats' best known poems is The Eve of St. Agnes. The tradition is that on St. Agnes' Eve, maidens, under certain conditions, dream of their sweethearts. Magdeline, a baron's daughter, was in love with Porphyro, but a deadly feud existed between Porphyro and the baron. The poem tells the story of these two lovers.

St. Alexis. Patron saint of hermits and beggars. The story goes that he lived on his father's estate as a hermit till death, but was never recognized. It is given at length in the Gesta Romanorum (Tale xv). He is represented in art with a pilgrim's habit and staff. Sometimes he is drawn as if extended on a mat, with a letter in his hand, dying.

St. Ambrose. Bishop of Milan in the 4th century. He is represented in Christian art in the robes of a bishop. His attributes are (1) a beehive, in allusion to the legend that a swarm of bees settled on his mouth when lying in his cradle; (2) a scourge, by which he expelled the Arians from Italy.

St. Andrew. One of the twelve disciples of Jesus; the brother of St. Peter. He is depicted in Christian art as an old man with long white hair and beard, holding the Gospel in his right hand, and leaning on a cross like the letter X, termed St. Andrew's cross. His day is November 30th. It is said that he suffered martyrdom in Patræ (70 A.D.).

Mary and wife of St. Joachim (q.v., below).

St. Anthony the Great. The patron saint of swineherds. He lived in the 3rd or 4th century, and was the founder of the fraternity of ascetics who lived in the deserts. The story of his temptations by the devil is well known in literature and art. It forms the subject of Flaubert's novel, La Tentation de St. Antoine. His day is January 17th. Not to be confused with St. Anthony of Padua, who was a Franciscan of the 13th century, and is commemorated on June 13th.

St. Anthony's cross. The tau-cross, T; used as a sacred symbol and in heraldry.

St. Anthony's fire. Erysip'elas is so called from the tradition that those who sought the intercession of St. Anthony recovered from the pestilential erysipelas called the sacred fire, which proved so fatal in 1089.

St. Anthony's pig. A pet pig, the smallest of the litter, also called the tantony pig "; in allusion to St. Anthony being the patron saint of swineherds. The term is also used of a sponger or hanger-on.

St. Augustine. Bishop of Hippo in northern Africa (354-430). He is the author of De Civitate Dei (The City of God).

St. Barbara. The patron saint of arsenals and powder magazines. Her father delivered her up to Martian, governor of Nicome'dia, for being a Christian. After she had been subjected to the most cruel tortures, just as her unnatural father was about to strike off her head, a lightning flash laid him dead at her feet. Hence, St. Barbara is invoked against lightning.

St. Barnabas. A fellow laborer of the Apostle Paul (Acts iv. 36-37). According to tradition he was martyred at Salamis. His day is June 11th.

St. Bartholomew. One of the twelve disciples of Jesus. The symbol of this saint is a knife, in allusion to the knife with which he was flayed alive. He is commemorated on August 24th, and is said to have been martyred in Armenia. See Bartholomew Fair.

St. Bernard. Abbot of the monastery of Clairvaux in the 12th century (10911153). His fame for wisdom was very great, and few church matters were undertaken without his being consulted.

St. Bernard Dog, or Great St. Bernard. A large and handsome breed of dog, so called because for many years they have been bred at the Hospice of St. Bernard