wife Min. In the election of 1924 Andy Gump ran for Congress and was even unofficially nominated for president.

Gundy, Solomon. See Swap, Solomon. Gunga Din. One of Kipling's BarrackRoom Ballads (Eng 1892) in praise of a Hindu water carrier for a British regiment.

An' for all 'is dirty 'ide

'E was white, clear white, inside

When 'e went to tend the wounded under fire!
It was "Din, Din, Din!"

With the bullets kickin' dust-spores on the green
When the cartridges ran out

You could hear the front-ranks shout,
"Hi! ammunition-mules an' Gunga Din!'

Gunpowder Plot. The project of a few Roman Catholics to destroy James I with the Lords and Commons assembled in the Houses of Parliament, on November 5th, 1605. It was to be done by means of gunpowder when the king went in person to open Parliament. Robert Catesby originated the plot, and Guy Fawkes undertook to fire the gunpowder. The plot was betrayed, and Guy Fawkes was arrested the night before it was to have been put into execution.

Gunther. In the Nibelungenlied a Burgundian king, brother of Kriemhild, the wife of Siegfried. He resolved to wed the martial queen Brunhild (q.v.), who had made a vow to marry only the man who could ride through the flames that encircled her castle. Gunther failed (see Grani), but Siegfried did so in his likeness and remained with the Queen for three nights, his sword being between them all the time. Gunther then married Brunhild, but later Kriemhild told Brunhild that it was Siegfried who had ridden through the fire, jealousy sprang up between the families. Gunther, with unpardonable ingratitude, was privy to the murder of his friend and brother-in-law, and was himself slain in the dungeon of Etzel's palace by his sister Kriemhild. Gundicarius, a Burgundian king who, with his whole tribe, perished at the sword of the Huns in 437, is supposed to be the historical character round whom these legends collected. In the Volsunga Saga (q.v.), the Scandinavian version of the same legend, Gunther figures prominently, as in the operas of Wagner's Nibelungen Ring (q.v.).

Gurth. In Scott's Ivanhoe, the swineherd and thrall of Cedric of Rotherwood. Gurton, Gammer. See Gammer Gurton. Gutenberg's Bible. See Bible, Specially

named.

Guthlac, St. See under Saint.

Gutrune. In Götterdämmerung, the last of the four operas of Wagner's Nibelungen

Ring (q.v.), the sister of Gunther courted and won by Siegfried. She is the Gudrun of the Volsunga Saga and the Kriemhild of the Nibelungenlied.

Guy. An effigy of a man, stuffed with combustibles and supposed to represent Guy Fawkes, carried round in procession and finally burnt on November 5th, in memory of Gunpowder Plot (q.v.); hence, any dowdy, fantastic figure, a "fright." In America the word, as applied to a person, has a wide significance, and can mean almost any one.

The king was Wenzel Number Four

I got him guessed, that Wenzel guy harpoons a girl
that's young and spry,
And tried to seal her up for life in the Old People's
Home!

Ruth Comfort Mitchell: Saint John of Nepomuc.

Guy Mannering. A novel by Scott (1815), a tale of the period of George III. Because of the antagonism which his magistrate father had aroused among the gipsies, Harry Bertram, the hero, heir to the Ellengowan estate, is kidnapped by a lawyer named Glossin, who secures the estate. Harry's sister Lucy, who is forced to leave her home, is hospitably entertained by Guy Mannering and his daughter Julia. The gipsy, Meg Merrilies, befriends Harry Bertram, aids his escape and afterwards tells him he is the rightful heir of the Ellengowan estate. Glossin is then sent to prison, where he enters the cell of Dirk Hatteraick, a Dutch smuggler, and is strangled by him. Eventually Harry Bertram marries Julia Mannering. The book is noted not so much for its plot as for the famous characters of Dandy Dinmont, Pleydell, Hatteraick, Dominie Sampson and Meg Merrilies. See under those entries.

Guy of Warwick. An English hero of legend and romance, whose exploits were first written down by some Anglo-Norman poet of the 12th century and were, by the 14th century, accepted as quite authentic history.

To obtain Phelis (Felice) as his wife he undertook many knightly deeds. He rescued the daughter of the Emperor of Germany, and went to fight against the Saracens, slaying the doughty Coldran, Elmaye King of Tyre, and the soldan himself. Then he returned and wedded Phelis; but in forty days went back to the Holy Land, where he slew the giant Am'arant, and many others. Having achieved all this and numerous other adventures, he now became a hermit near Warwick. Daily he went in disguise to his own castle and begged bread of his

wife Phelis; but on his death-bed he sent her a ring, by which she recognized her lord, and went to close his dying eyes.

Guy Rivers. A novel by William Gilmore Simms (Am. 1834). The scene is laid in Georgia, and the hero and a romantic border bandit contend for the heroine.

Guyon, Sir. The knightly hero of Spenser's Faërie Queene, Bk. II, typical of Temperance or Self-government (Sp. guia, a guide). He destroyed the witch Acra'sia, and her "Bower of Bliss" (q.v.). The Palmer, typifying Prudence and Sobriety, was his companion, and Brigador (" bridle of gold ") his horse.

Guzman d'Alfarache, The Life and Adventures of. A famous picaresque romance by Mateo Aleman in two parts (Sp. 1599, 1605).

Guzman, Leonora de. See Leonora. Gwalchmei. The name under which Gawain (q.v.) appears in the Welsh Mabinogion.

Gwendolyn Harleth. In George Eliot's Daniel Deronda (q.v.).

Gwynn, Nell (1652-1687). An actress, and one of the mistresses of Charles II. She was a great favorite with the public.

Scott mentions her in Peveril of the Peak. Gwynplaine. The hero of Victor Hugo's romance The Man Who Laughs (L'Homme qui Rit) (q.v.).

Gyas and Cloan'thus. In Virgil's Eneid, two companions of Ene'as, generally mentioned together as "fortis Gyas fortisque Cloanthus." The phrase has become proverbial for two very similar. characters.

Gyges. A king of Lydia of the 7th century B. C., who founded a new dynasty, warred against Asurbanipal of Assyria, and is memorable in legend for his ring and his prodigious wealth.

According to Plato, Gyges descended into a chasm of the earth, where he found a brazen horse; opening the sides of the animal, he found the carcass of a man, from whose finger he drew off a brazen ring which rendered him invisible.

Why, did you think that you had Gyges ring, Or the herb that gives invisibility [fern-seed]? Beaumont and Fletcher: Fair Maid of the Inn, i, 1.

It was by the aid of the ring that he obtained possession of the wife of Candaules (q.v.) and, through her, of his kingdom.

Gynt, Peer. See Peer Gynt.

H. D. (Hilda Doolittle, Mrs. Richard | Aldington) (1886- ). Contemporary American poet, one of the chief exponents of the Imagist School (q.v.). Most of her poems are on Greek subjects. Her volumes are Sea Garden: Imagist Poems and Hymen.

H.C.L. The high cost of living, a term much in use in recent years.

H.M.S. His or Her Majesty's service or ship, as H.M.S. Wellington.

Habeas Corpus. The "Habeas Corpus Act" was passed in 1679, and defined a provision of similar character in Magna Charta, to which also it added certain details. Its chief purpose was to prohibit any judge, under severe penalties, from refusing to issue to a prisoner a Writ of Habeas Corpus by which the jailer was obliged to produce the prisoner in court in person and to certify the cause of imprisonment, thus preventing people's being imprisoned on mere suspicion, and making it illegal for one to be left in prison an indefinite time without trial.

It further provides that every accused person shall have the question of his guilt decided by a jury of twelve, and not by a Government agent or nominee; that no prisoner can be tried a second time on the same charge; that every prisoner may insist on being examined within twenty days of his arrest, and tried at the next session; and that no one may be sent to prison beyond the seas, either within or without the British dominions.

Habeas Corpus means "You are to produce the body."

The Habeas Corpus Act has been suspended in times of political and social. disturbance, and its provisions have been more than once amended and extended.

Hades. In Homer, the name of the god (Pluto) who reigns over the dead; but in later classical mythology the abode of the departed spirits, a place of gloom but not necessarily like the Christian Hell, a place of punishment and torture. As the state or abode of the dead it corresponds to the Hebrew Sheol, a word which, in the authorized version, has frequently been translated by the misleading Hell. Hence Hades is sometimes vulgarly used as a euphemism for Hell.

Ha'dith (Ar. a saying or tradition). The traditions about the prophet Mahomet's sayings and doings. This compilation, which was made in the 10th century by

the Moslem jurists Moshin and Bokhari, forms a supplement to the Koran as the Talmud to the Jewish Scriptures. Like the Jewish Gema'ra, the Ha'dith was not allowed originally to be committed to writing, but the danger of the traditions being perverted or forgotten led to their being placed on record.

Hadj. The pilgrimage to the Kaa'ba (temple of Mecca), which every Mohammedan feels bound to make once at least before death. Those who neglect to do so

might as well die Jews or Christians." These pilgrimages take place in the twelfth month of each year, Zu 'll Hajjia, roughly corresponding to our August.

Hadji. A title conferred upon one who has made the Hadj.

Hadleyburg. The Man that Corrupted Hadleyburg. See under Man.

Hafed. In The Fire-Worshippers, the third tale in Moore's Lalla Rookh, a Gheber, or fire-worshipper, in love with Hinda, the emir's daughter. He was the leader of a band sworn to free their country or die in the attempt. His rendezvous was betrayed, but when the Moslem came to arrest him, he threw himself into the sacred fire and was burnt to death.

Hafiz. The great Persian poet (fl. 14th cent.), and one of the greatest poets of the world. His ghazels (1.e. songs, odes) tell of love and wine, nightingales, flowers, the instability of all things human, of Allah and the Prophet, etc. His tomb at Shiraz is still the resort of pilgrims. The name Hafiz is Arabic for "one who knows the Koran and Hadith (q.v.) by heart."

Hagan. In the Nibelungenlied and the old Norse sagas (where he is called Hogni), a prominent character, son of a mortal and a sea-goblin. In the Nibelungenlied, Hagan killed Siegfried, then seized the Nibelung hoard, and buried it in the Rhine, intending to appropriate it. Kriemhild, after her marriage with Etzel, king of the Huns, invited him to the court of her husband, and cut off his head. He is described as 66 well grown, strongly built, with long sinewy legs, deep broad chest, hair slightly grey, of terrible visage, and of lordly gait." There are other versions of the story, many of them quite contradictory, and the rough and treacherous Hagan appears in many legends. He is a prominent character in Götterdämmerung (The Dusk of the Gods), the last of the

Hagar. In the Old Testament, the servant of Abraham's wife Sarai, who became the mother of Ishmael (q.v.). After the birth of Isaac, Hagar and Ishmael were cast out into the wilderness at the instigation of Sarai. On one occasion, when they were perishing of thirst, an angel spoke to Hagar and showed her a well of water.

Hagga'dah. The portion of the Midrash (q.v.) which contains rabbinical interpretations of the historical and legendary, ethical, parabolic, and speculative parts of the Hebrew Scriptures; the portion devoted to law, practice, and doctrine is called the Halachah. They were commenced in the 2nd century A. D. and completed by the 11th.

Hague, The or The Hague Tribunal. An international court of arbitration which arose out of the Hague Congress on disarmament in 1899. It meets at The Hague.

Haidee. In Byron's Don Juan (ii-iv) the beautiful Greek girl who found Don Juan when he was cast ashore and restored him to animation. Her hair was auburn, and her eyes were black as death." Her mother, a Moor, was dead, and her father, Lambro, a rich Greek pirate, was living on one of the Cyclades. She and Juan fell in love with each other during the absence of Lambro from the island. On his return Juan was sent from the island; Haidee went mad and, after a lingering illness, died. There is a Haidee who figures in Dumas' Count of Monte Cristo.

Hail and Farewell. An autobiography by the Irish author, George Moore, in three volumes: Ave, Salve and Vale (19111914).

Hail Columbia. An American national hymn by Joseph Hopkinson (1798), beginning:

Hail, Columbia! happy land!

Hail, ye heroes! heaven-born band

Who fought and bled in Freedom's cause.

Hairy Ape, The. An impressionistic drama by Eugene O'Neill (Am. 1922). The hero, Yank, is a great, crude stoker on a huge ocean liner. He is sustained by his feeling that the man who works somehow" belongs," until he suddenly becomes wild with fury at the look on the face of a society girl who inspects him at his task.

Hajar-al-Aswad. The famous black stone in the northeast corner of the Kaaba; it is an irregular oval, about

with a circle of gold. The legend is that when Abraham wished to build the Kaaba, the stones came to him of their own accord, and the patriarch commanded all the faithful to kiss this one.

The stone is probably an aerolite, and it was worshipped long before Mahomet's day, for in the 2nd century A. D. Maximus Tyrius spoke of the Arabians paying homage to it, and Persian legend states that it was an emblem of Saturn.

Ibn Abbas reports that the Prophet Isaid that when it came from Paradise it was whiter than milk, and that it had become black through the sins of the millions that had kissed it. On the Day of the Resurrection it is to have two eyes, by which it will recognize all those who have kissed it, and a tongue with which it will bear witness to Allah.

Hajji Baba of Ispahan, The Adventures of A picaresque romance by James Morier (1824), dealing with life in Persia. The hero is a sort of Persian Gil Blas whose roguery takes him into all spheres of Persian society. In a sequel, Hajji Baba in England (1828), he visits England as a government official.

Hakim, Adonbec el. In Scott's Talisman, Saladin in the disguise of a physician. He visited Richard Coeur de Lion in sickness; gave him a medicine in which the "talisman had been dipped, and the sick king recovered from his fever.

Hakluyt, Richard (Eng. 1553-1616). Author of a famous book of travel chronicling the adventures of celebrated

voyagers.

Hakluyt Society. An organization "for the publication of rare and valuable voyages, travels, and geographical records." Instituted in 1846.

Hal. Bluff King Hal. A nickname for Henry VIII of England, also called Bluff Harry.

Prince Hal. The nickname of Henry, prince of Wales, afterwards Henry V. He is introduced in Shakespeare's, 1 Henry IV and 2 Henry IV.

Halachah. The division of the Midrash (q.v.) that deals with the interpretation of the law, points of doctrine, etc. See Haggadah; and cp. Gema'ra, Mishna.

and kuo (to brood on). The ancient Sicilians believed that the kingfisher laid its eggs and incubated for fourteen days, before the winter solstice, on the surface of the sea, during which time the waves of the sea were always unruffled.

"Amidst our arms as quiet you shall be
As halcyon brooding on a winter's sea."

Haldin.

Dryden

An anarchist in Conrad's Under Western Eyes (q.v.).

Nathalie Haldın. His sister, the heroine of the novel.

Hale, Nathan. An American hero of the Revolutionary War (1756–1776). He was sentenced to be hanged as a spy and went to his death with the words, " I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country." He is the hero of a drama by Clyde Fitch entitled Nathan Hale (Am. 1898).

Halifax. Halifax Law. By this law, whoever committed theft in the liberty of Halifax was to be executed on the Halifax gibbet, a kind of guillotine. Hence the expression Go to Halifax.

At Hallifax the law so sharpe doth deale,
That whoso more than thirteen pence doth steale.
They have a jyn that wondrous quick and well
Sends thieves all headless into heaven or hell

Taylor (the Water Poet): Works ii. (1630).

Hull, Hell, and Halifax. An old beggars' and vagabonds' "prayer," quoted by Taylor, the Water Poet (early 17th century), was:

From Hull, Hell, and Halifax,
Good Lord, deliver us.

"Hell" was probably the least feared as being farthest from them; Hull was to be avoided because it was so well governed that beggars had little chance of getting anything without doing hard labor for it; and Halifax, because any one caught stealing cloth in that town was beheaded without intermediate proceedings.

Halifax, John. See John Halifax, Gentleman.

Hall, Catherine. The heroine of Thackeray's satiric romance Catherine (q.v.). After marriage she became Catherine Hayes.

Hall of Fame. See under Fame.

Halleck, Fitz-Greene (1790-1867). American poet of the early national period.

Hallelujah is the Heb. halelu-Jah, "Praise ye Jehovah."

Hallelujah Lass. A name given, with a humorously contemptuous import, to female members of the Salvation Army in the early days of that movement.

Hallelujah Victory. A victory said to have been gained by some newly baptized Britons over the Picts and Scots near Mold, Flintshire, in 429. They were led by Germa'nus, Bishop of Auxerre, and commenced the battle with loud shouts of "Hallelujah!"

Hallowe'en. October 31st, which in the old Celtic calendar was the last day of the old year, its night being the time when all the witches and warlocks were abroad and held their wicked revels. On the introduction of Christianity it was taken over as the Eve of All Hallows, or All Saints. It is still devoted to all sorts of games in which the old superstitions can be traced. See Burns' poem Hallowe'en.

Ham. In the Old Testament one of the three sons of Noah. The other two were Shem and Japheth. According to legend Ham's descendants populated Africa; hence, a son of Ham, a negro.

Ham'adryads. See Dryad.

Haman. In the Old Testament, a conspirator against the Jews, whose purposes were defeated by Mordecai and Esther (q.v.) and who was hanged on the gallows that he had prepared for his enemy Mordecai.

Hamet, Cid Hamet or Cid Hamet Benengeli. See under Cid.

Hamilton, Alexander. A brilliant American statesman (1757-1804). He is the hero of Gertrude Atherton's historical novel, The Conqueror (Am. 1902).

Hamlet. A tragedy by Shakespeare (c. 1600). Hamlet, prince of Denmark, learns to his horror that Claudius, his uncle, and Gertrude, his mother, now reigning together as king and queen, had been responsible for the death of his royal father. Although he is in love with the fair Ophelia, he puts her roughly aside and pretends madness in order to devote himself to revenge. But he cannot bring himself to the point of taking action. While he is vacillating, Laertes, the brother of Ophelia, who has gone mad and drowned herself, challenges him to a supposedly friendly duel, but, encouraged by the King, uses a poisoned sword. The swords are exchanged by accident and both Hamlet and Laertes receive their death wounds. On learning of the treachery, the dying Hamlet at last kills the King.

The play is based on a crude story told by the 13th century Saxo Grammaticus (a Danish chronicler) in his Historia Danica (first printed 1514), which found.