A a business school; B a school of household sci

ence.

3.

The young people's society in your church.

4. The Mothers' Club in your city.

5. The Local Grange.

6. High School Commencement.

7.

Soldiers' Reunion.

8. Alumni Association.

9. The County Medical Association. 10. The County Bar Association. 11. The Local Labor Union.

12. The State Bankers' Association.

V. Get twenty references on one of the above subjects from various periodicals and other sources mentioned in the text.

VI. Determine your reading, writing, and speaking vocabulary.

Take a dictionary and count the words on every fiftieth page, 1, those you understand, 2, those you could use in writing, 3, those with which you are very familiar-your speaking vocabulary.

Then multiply each of these by fifty and you will approximate the number of words in your various vocabularies.

VII. Study synonyms. Memorize five synonyms for each of the following words: Answer, apart, ascend, awful, beauty, better, cheer, clear, compel, delight, direct, emerge, hope, infer, inspect, mean, plain, respect, stingy, strong, true, use, vague, wise, wish.

VIII. Memorize five antonyms to each of the words listed in No. VII.

IX.

Make another list of twenty-five words and give five synonyms and five antonyms to each of these.

X. Use the following words correctly in sentences: Anger, fury, indignation; ask, inquire, interrogate; bait, allurement, temptation; begin, commence, initiate; bewail, lament, deplore; bewitch, enchant, fascinate; bid, offer, pro

pose; birth, nobility, aristocracy; blessing, benison, benediction; bloody, murderous, sanguinary; blue, azure, cerulean; body, company, corporation; bold, brave, resolute; boldness, courage, fortitude; boldness, impudence, audacity; bough, branch, ramification; bow, obeisance, salutation; breed, engender, propagate; bright, luminous, incandescent; bright, brilliant, effulgent; bright, cheerful, animated; brink, verge, margin; bulk, size, magnitude; burdensome, oppressive, onerous; busy, engaged, occupied; care, anxiety, solicitude; choice, preference, predilection; cold, indifferent, apathetic; craft, subtlety, artifice; dear, precious, valuable; deem, surmise, apprehend; downfall, destruction, demolition; draw, allure, attract; dread, dismay, consternation; dull, stupid, obtuse.

XI. The first words of the following series are domesticated old words of Romanesque origin, and the last words are Latin and Greek derivatives of recent and scholastic introduction. Let each student be assigned a part or all of this list and (1) state the distinction, if any, in the meaning of each duplicate, (2) decide which word is preferable, and (3) bring in sentences either choosing between the two words or using both in the same sentence.

Adroitness, dexterity; agreed, unanimous; aim, scope; assail, impugn; banishment, exile; box, chest; calm, quiet;. calumny, defamation; chain, concatenation; change, alteration; comfort, console; company, society; copy, transcribe; decay, decadence; discern, discriminate; discovery, detection; dissemble, dissimulation; envious, invidious; exact, extort; exact, precise; feign, simulate; guerdon, remuneration; haughty, supercilious; inquest, inquisition; invective, diatribe; leisure, vacation; mean, pusillanimous; number, enumerate; plot, conspiracy; poison, venom; porch, vestibule; praise, eulogy (or panegyric); pray, supplicate; reproach, opprobrium; restrain, inhibit; revere, venerate; revolt, rebellion; sample, example; sense, consciousness; silent, reticent (or taciturn); slander, defamation; training,

discipline; try, attempt; unavoidable, inevitable; valid, conclusive; vanishing, evanescent; variety, diversification; venal, mercenary; vex, irritate; vie, emulate; voluble, fluent; wait, attend.

CHAPTER II

ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS THE AUDIENCE

There are three distinct factors involved in Public Speaking: (1) The Audience, (2) The Speech, and (3) The Speaker. In other words, The Occasion, The Oration, and The Orator; or to whom you speak, what, and how.

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS. The orator prepares and delivers his speech for the sole purpose of influencing a body of men and women. It is, therefore, essential that he have some knowledge of the crowd he expects to influence. The greater the knowledge of the audience, the greater his chances for success. Upon the audience depend both the orator and the oration. The audience is the objective point; it is the determining and guiding influence.

The speaker must know not only human nature in the individual, but human nature in the aggregate. The collective mind has certain attributes which differ from the individual mind. A man in the crowd thinks and acts differently from the man alone. Arguments which might convince a man in the street might be wholly ineffectual when presented from a platform to a large crowd. Men in a crowd think in terms of the race. Like a chemical, the compound is different from the separate elements composing it. Strange as it may appear at first thought, even men and women are not influenced in the same manner. Women are the conservators of the race more than are the men. Each woman is the embodiment of the specific characteristics attributed to the crowd. The individual woman is much more like a crowd all by herself than the individual man. A man

by himself must be convinced, you must reason with him, and the more intellectual he is the more dependence must be placed on arguments to cause him to act. Women are by nature more emotional than men, and when alone can be persuaded to act by arousing the emotions rather than by appealing to reason. From this it must be concluded that whatever would persuade the individual woman would persuade the crowd. And it is generally admitted that this is not an easy task.

A few of the more specific attributes of the ordinary audience of interest to the orator are:

I. Conservatism. The attitude of the audience toward a speaker is like that of a man from Missouri-he needs to be shown. It demands that the speaker establish his contention. It reserves the right to remain neutral until convinced and persuaded to think and act otherwise. From fundamental and basic principles the crowd is not easily moved, but it can be moved easily along these lines. Hence the speaker should always appeal to such basic traditional sentiments as home, love, life, revenge, the flag, etc. The crowd far more than the individual is influenced by the unconscious substratum formed by heredity. The crowd delights to hark back through the ages, and answer the "call of the wild." The crowd is always a generation or two behind the reformer.

II. Irresponsibility. The crowd mind does not feel any individual responsibility. Selfism disappears. It seems to feel that whatever it does will be justified by the community, by society; for the entire community appears to be a common participant.

III. Suggestibility. The audience is usually in a receptive mood and shows a readiness to entertain suggestions from a leader-the orator. What one does, all are likely to participate in. The crowd is as easily led to do heroic