Imatges de pàgina
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Lat. Ag-er, and Danish, Ag-er. Eng. Ac-re an extent of land. The Gr. yai-a is also, terra late palens (Lennep.) And

An Oak, A. S. Ac, is Arbor late patens.

Lat. preposition Ad. A. S. At; the Lat conjunctions At and Et. Gr. €71.8. D. and T. enounced.

Gr.da-ew. Lat. Da-re. Pers. Da-den, to add (in its present popular usage, to add to the possessions of another; that

A. S. Ece. Eng. Age, is a length of is, to give). The Gr. da-ew (or da-v

time.6

C. and G. enounced.

Gr. KL-EL, KL-V-ew. Lat. Ce-dere, to go, to proceed. A. S. Co-man. D. Komen. Ger. Kò-mmen. Sw. Ko-mma. Dan. Ko-mmer. Eng. To co-me.

Goth. Ga-g-gan (pronounced like the) A. S. Ga-n-gan, to go.

A. S. Ge-an, to gi-ve. Dan. Gi-or, to do.

A. S. Ce-nnan. Gr. yet-veobai. Lat. Gi-gnere. Eng. to ki-ndle, or bring forth ki-nd. And kind is in the Persian Khu-n. Sans. Khu-nan. Gr. ye-vos. Lat. Ge-nus. A. S. Cy.n. Ger. and Dutch, Ku-nne. Dan. Ki-on.

Gr. yi-vwokew. Goth. Cu-nnan. A.S. Ce-nnan. Dutch and Ger. Ke-nnen. Sw. Ka-na. Dan. Ki-ender. Eng. to Ke-n, to con, to know :-and the Persian Ku-nda, co-nning, cu-nning or knowing.

A. S. Ce-osan. D. and Ger. Kie-sen.

Fr. Choi-sir, (to cheese, as anciently written,) to choose, to se-ize, to take. Gr. ya-ew, xa ei, ca-pere, to reach, to ya-wn.

The Sans. Yui (says Dr. Prichard) is a verbal root, whence are derived several verbs meaning to join, and other words. Sans. Yug-ah. Pers. Yoo, yu-gh. Gr. (vy-os. Lat. Jug-um. Russ. Ig-o. Welsh. Iau. Eng. Yoke. This, I allow, is premature, because it is advancing into compounds.

D. T. The announced sound of the cognates, D and T, is produced when the breath in its utterance or emission is interrupted by an appulse of the top of the tongue against the teeth or upper gums,-ád, éd, ét, ít; and the enounced, when the utterance or emission is continued after the top of the tongue is withdrawn,-dà, dè, tà, tè.

D. and T. announced.

A. S. Ad, congeries. Gr. ad-ew. Lat. Ad-dere.7

6 See Ache, acre, oak, age, in the New Eng. Dictionary.

7 See Let. II. p. 597.

ew) still survives, says Lennep, in the Lat. Dare (and da-no, not infrequent in Plautus), and whence the Greek reduplicate, di-do-μi.

Gr. δε, τε, τις, τει-ν-ειν. Lat. te-ndere, to extend.

Dr. Prichard has remarked, that the Sanscrit Da, is a verbal root; and hence the verb Da-da-mi, I give. Per. Da-d-en, to give.

So also ad, whence Ad-mi. Gr. ed-w. Lat. Ed-o, I eat. Goth. and. A. S. Et-an, to eat. The Gr. ed-ew, says Lennep, is a cognate of ad-ew, and, he adds, a notione premendi, condensandi, atque ita comminuendi ad eam manducandi translatum fuit."

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The Goth. Tau-jan. A. S. Do-n. D. Do-en. Ger. Thu-n. Eng. to do. Gr. bet-vai; and also the Eng. preposition To.

Goth. Te-c-àn. A. S. Ta-c-an. Ger. and D. Ta-ch-en. Sw. Ta-g-a. Dan. Ta-gg-er. Eng. To ta-ke, to tou-ch. It may be worth noting, that the A. S. article, or pronoun, was Se (See), in the Nor. Sax. Te; that the Gr. is Ev; that the A. S. article was supplanted by the, and that the Gr. de-a-da, is to See.

N.-The announced sound of N is

8 I am well aware that Tooke has ascribed a different origin to ad and at; he considers them, as I do, to have a meaning similar to that of to; and as to is, in his opinion, the past part. of the Goth. verb, Tau-yan, to do; so, he thinks, ad and at are the past part. of the Latin verb, ag-ere, to act, with the omission of the final um; thus ag-itum (g hard), ag-tum, ag-dum, agd, ad: and, actum, act, at. Thus, in chap. ix. on Prepositions; but in chap. viii. on Conjunctions, he has already given another genealogy for at; thus, adsit, adst, ast, at. There is gross inconsistency in this: he in one instance derives ad and at from the same verb; he then assumes the existence of ad, uses it as a prefix to Sit; and presents a distinct derivation of at, though elsewhere established (by him) to be the same word as this prefix ad.

9 With many referable to the touch.

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And so much for the three literal roots, which in a former letter were classed together, as denoting three modes of encrease.10

L.-In the organic pronunciation of the sounds, of which L is the literal character, the top of the tongue, during the utterance or emission of the breath, strikes against the foremost part of the palate.

The announced and enounced sounds are distinctly heard in the Arabic Alla.

The Ger. all, is omnis, totus, and also sanus, integer; the Ger. Heil is likewise sanus, integer, and the two differ, says Wachter, in nothing but the preposed H; they correspond with the Dutch Hel, Dan. Heel, the Eng. whole and all,-totus, cunctus, omnis; and are, undoubtedly, the same word. The Ger. Heill-en, tegere, and heel-en, sanare; D. Heel-en, heyl- en; Dan. heel-er, are also the same word: in A.S. Heel-an. Goth. Hul jan. Sw. Hyl-ia, tegere, to cover, Eng. to hill, or hele, or heal.11

The Ger. Al-en. Lat. Al-ere. Gr. aλ-eew, medere. Gr. Aλia, talis halitus, qui vaporem tepidum adfert. A.S. El-an, accendere, to warm. Gr. HλLos, the Sun. Gr. oλ-os, totus, all, or the whole; ovλ-os, sanies, whole, or, as anciently written, hole; ovλ-oew, sanum esse, V-al-ere, to be or make hole or whole.

The A.S. Lo-c-nian, is also Sanare, to make whole, to re-cover, to heal. The A.S. Lo-g-an, le-c-gan, li-c-gan.

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Goth. La-g-yan, are to lay. And here we appear to reach the literal meaning to lay, or ly, to lay on or over, consequently, to cover; and as a further consequence, sanare, integrare, to make sound, entire or whole, to recover, to heal; and hence, All, omnis or omnes; from whole or hole-sub

stantially applied-will derive its application to the whole, numerically.12

R.-The sound of R is produced, when during the emission or utterance of the breath a quick trepidation of the tip of the tongue is vibrated against the palate. The announced and enounced sounds are strongly heard in the common exclamation hur-rah.

R. announced.

Goth. Air. A.S. Ar, ær, er, or; denote anteriority, priority in space or time the front; probably in relation to the human form.

:

Gr. Hap, np, the fore or ear-ly (the ra-the) part of the day or year. Lat. Ver. Gr. Hp-ws. Lat. Her-us. A.S. Herr-a. Dutch. Heer. Dan. Herre; the prime person or agent; the foreman, the chief, superior; first in valour or virtue, or rank or authority.

A.S. Or, ord (i. e. Or-ed). Cimbric, Ar, ard (says Lye) is initium, principium, or-igo, auct-or.

Lat. Or-iri, or-diri, or-igo, or-do. Gr. op-ew, promovere, excitare; op-Oos, strait forward.

Gr. Ap-ns, Mars, App-nv, Mas, Hp-a. Juno, ap-a, there-fore.

The A.S. Ar, are. Dutch, Eere, is honour. A.S. Ar-ian. Dutch, Eer-en. Ger. Er-en. Sw. Er-a. Dan. Er-er, is-to honour :i. e. to be, or cause to be before others, to put or place forwards, to advance, to prefer.12

In Dan. Er, (r announced) is equivalent to the Eng. Am; and in that language it is the termination of the infinitive, corresponding to the Lat. re (r enounced). In A.S. an, in old Eng. and other Northern languages en. Gr.

ειν.

The A.S. Er-ian. Gr. ap-oew. Lat. ar-are, are, commonly interpreted, to plough. Of the Gr. ap-oew, Lennep

12 Wachter thinks that All "ab eleganti migratione ab omni pervenit ad totum, a toto ad sanum et salvum."

12 For our own words, Are, art, I refer to the New Eng. Dictionary, See also To Herry.

with a vocaround, which makes a more dense kind of hissing, mixing with some kind of murmur.) The announced and enounced sounds of S are heard in esse.

says, "propria notio posita est in vi, et impetu quo aliquid aliorsum moveatur, et admoveatur alteri :" it is perhaps pro-movere, to move for-ward, to push or press forward.

A.S. Er-ian. Eng. to ear, or ere; whence Earth, that which we ere. Sans. Dhar-a. Lat. Ter-ra. Pers. Ardh. Arab. Ard. Heb. Er-ets. Gr. Epa. Goth. Air-th. A.S. Eor-the. Dan. and Sw. Jozd.

Eng. Or, ere. Goth. air. A.S. ere; are used adverbially, equivalent to fo-re, before, ante, prius.

Or, is also used to denote-the beginning, the point of separation; and thus has attained the force of separation, division, difference, disjunction.

R. enounced.

Sans. Ri-ch'h (says Dr. Prichard) is a verbal root, whence the verb. Ri-ch'hati, he moves towards, reacheth. Richch'hami; and this in

Goth. Ra-c-jan. A. S. Ra-c-an, hræ-c-an, protendere. Eng. to re-ach. Gr. o-pe-y-ew, por-rigere.

Gr. Pe-ew, fluere, to flow; to speak fluently. Pnua, quod ore effluit (Scheide). Goth. Re-djan. A.S. ræ-d-an. Eng. to re-ad.

Gr. Pe--ew. Lat. re-ri, re-s.

Goth. Ra-g-inon. A.S. Ri-csian. Lat. Re-gere, Re-x. Heb. Ra-bbi (her-us).

A.S. Ra-san. Hhre-osan, pro-ruere, to rush.

A.S. Re-stan, pro-cumbere, quiescere, to rest.

13

A.S. Khra-the. Eng. Ra-the, ear-ly.15
S and Z cognates.

The power of S is the natural sound of hissing. Its organic sound is produced, by an appulse of the tongue towards the upper teeth or gums, and then forcing out the breath from between the tongue and upper teeth, (Z,

13 See Rathe, Ra-ther, in the New Eng. Dictionary.

ON THE DERIVATION OF Mr. URBAN, Leipzig, 10th Oct. IN every language which is elaborated from its own individual resources, new words are naturally significant, and consequently intelligible to the mass of the people. In no language is such a process more beautifully de

The A.S. article As. Ger. Es. Lat. Is, os, us. Gr. os.

The Sans. article Sa-s or Sah. Goth. Sa. A.S. and old English. Se, equivalent to the or that, it, which. The Sans. As (says Dr. Prichard) is a verbal root, whence the verb substantive, As-mi, as-i, as-ti, su-m, es, es-t. Pers. Res-ten, es-se, to be.

A.S. Is or ys; Dutch and Ger. Is-t. Eng. variously written Es, is, ys.

Ger. Se-yn, es-se, fieri; and in various persons of the A.S. and Gothic verb. W-is-an, w-es-an, this literal root is found; e. g. sy, se-t, si-n, si-nd.

Goth. Sai-hwan. A.S. Se-on. Ger. Se-hen. Dutch, Zi-en. Dan. Se-er, to see.

A.S. As-cian, As-ec-an, se-can; to as-k, to se-ek.

A.S. As-ec-gan, se-c-gan, to say. Se) and that, mean take, taken; The (which has supplanted the A.S. 14 and

to take, to se-ize (to cheese or choose 15) is probably the meaning of this literal root S. And it may be thus explained:

1. To take; capere, pre-hend-ere, percipere; to receive (met) by the eye or ear; by the mind, to apprehend, to se-em, to feel, to be.

2. To take, to teach, i. e. to convey our thoughts by speech, to say.

And here again, Mr. Urban, I shall conclude. I expect the thanks of your readers for having persisted so steadily and undeviatingly, in the completion of the first portion of my task; to present words, and not from one language only, corresponding to the simple organic sounds of every consonant letter. Yours, &c. C. R.

14 See Tooke and the New Eng. Dict. 15 See Ceosan, p. 44, ante.

THE WORD ISINGLASS. veloped than in the German; whilst, on the other hand, there is none, perhaps, in which the contrary is so remarkable as in the English.

This defect in the English language arises from the peculiar nature of that tongue. Its Teutonic basis, the Anglo

Lif Saxon, although it is t which gives our language its distinctive character, has become, as it were, dead, since it no longer admits of change or innovation; whilst the Norman French, which became incorporated with it through the connexion of our country with Normandy, and yet more the Latin, and even the Greek, which have since been introduced, form, in reality, our living language, namely, that in which alone variations and improvements are permitted to be made. And not merely so, for from the circumstance that our original native tongue has been discarded in the formation of new words to express new ideas, it is, consequently, not employed (as is the case with the German) for the translation of the foreign expressions that daily become familiar to us, which we prefer introducing into our language direct and without any material change. Hence, the English language, although it may certainly have been enriched, has become a strange heterogeneous compound, which, to a considerable extent, is unintelligible (except empirically) to the mere English scholar.

It is, however, a desire natural to all persons, the rude not less than the educated, to trace the signification, i. e. the derivation, of words in their native tongue; in other words, they like to understand, or, at least, to think they understand, the expressions which they are compelled to employ. From this cause we meet in the English language with many curious instances of the spelling of words having been altered, for the purpose of bringing them nearer to some supposed native original.

Thus lantern (laterna, lanterne) has been spelled lanthorn, from a confused idea that the horn of which that utensil was generally constructed, was in some way connected with the formation of the name itself. So causeway (chausée) has actually superseded the older form causey, evidently from its bearing an apparent reference to the commonly received meaning of the term, namely, a caused (artificial) way. In like manner the word forefather was easily compounded of fore and father, and in its present form it, unquestionably, makes a very good English word; although there can be no doubt of its being in reality nothing more than a

corruption of the German vorfahr (from vor, before, and fahren, to go), foregoer, or predecessor.

a

But not to multiply instances of the endeavours of the English people to render their language significant in itself, I shall confine myself to one other, which is very remarkable, and, at the same time not so plainly manifest.

It is with respect to the word isinglas, or isinglass, which even our lexicographers have imagined to be composed of two native words, ice and glass; the article bearing such traces of resemblance to these substances as might not unfairly warrant a mere English etymologist in supposing its name to be a true English compound. It is, however, the German hausenblase, in the first instance (as was natural) corrupted in its pronunciation, and afterwards varied in the spelling, to meet the notion of its English derivation. This word (which is, at the same time, an instance of the advantage which the German has over the English in its power of forming compound words) is composed of hausen, a species of sturgeon, the beluga (acipenser huso), and blase, a bladder; isinglass being the airbladders of the hausen and other fish of a similar character.

Before quitting this subject, it may be remarked that there is an inferior kind of isinglass, which is known by the name of simovia. In the good old times (when, in like manner as the common people endeavoured to find for words a meaning in the vernacular tongue, the learned wished to trace their derivation up to the Latin,-witness parson, paroissien, the parish priest, supposed by our old lawyers to be derived from persona, quia personam seu vicem ecclesiæ gerit!) the word simovia would, from its Latin appearance, undoubtedly have received some very recondite explication, as far removed, however, as possible from the Russian simovoi klei, of which it is nothing more than a vitiated contraction. This expression means literally sheath-fish lime, simovia being composed of the bladder of the sheath-fish (silurus glanis), and, like the hausen-bladder, or isinglas, employed as a lime or glue. Yours, &c. CHAS. T. BEKE.

48

"JOHN STOWE, THE ANTIQUARY ( (With a Portrait.)

*NGLAND."

true, shown much industry in the collection of materials, and has dwelt upon them even too diffusely: but there is nothing to please or gratify in the style of Strype, and where he has translated the writers of the Elizabethan age into a language of his own, it must be felt that the freshness and pleasing quaintness of the original is lost in a garb which is looser, but not more elegant, and which, in point of fact, has itself in turn now become obsolete. So much is this the case throughout Strype's work, that we announce with much pleasure that Mr. J. G. Nichols has undertaken to edit Stowe's description of Elizabethan London as it issued from the pen of the writer.

The memoir of Stowe in the Biographia Britannica is better arranged, but derived entirely from that by Strype.

IT is a subject of congratulation for the City of London, that, amidst the general destruction attendant on the Great Fire of 1666, she did not lose the monumental figure of one of her worthiest sons, the indefatigable JOHN STOWE, the historian of her annals, and the minute depicter of her actual state during the interesting æra of Elizabeth. In the church of St. Andrew Undershaft, in Leadenhall-street, the aged chronicler may still be seen poring over his books, and, as it were, faithfully extracting and condensing the substance of the earlier annalists. The effigy itself is remarkable as a specimen of terra cotta, of which it is said that many others existed in the city before the Fire (as some, though undistinguished, probably still remain elsewhere). There are several prints of it, and the only portraits we have possessed of Stowe have been derived from this source. The existence of a contemporary engraving of his portrait has been hitherto unknown, until the recent discovery of an impression (perhaps unique) which was found pasted to the back of the title of a copy of the "Survay," edit. 1603. The volume is now in the possession of Mr. T. Rodd, the bookseller, of Great Newport-street, by whom we have obligingly been permitted to copy it, a task which has been executed with great fidelity by Mr. Swaine. Stowe is styled in the circumference "Antiquarius Angliæ," a character in which of all his contemporaries Camden alone can be ranked before him. The portrait represents him, as does the effigy, quite in his old age; yet his features scarcely appear to bear the weight of seventy-seven years. His temperate and cheerful disposition, which are both on record, appear, notwithstanding his misfortunes and poverty, to have maintained a hale constitution to an advanced period of life.

The leading facts of Stowe's biography may be drawn up in a brief compass. He was born in the year 1525, in the parish of St. Michael's, Cornhill; where his progenitors have been traced for three generations. He was bred to his father's trade of a tailor, which naturally gave way to his absorbing historical studies. The biographers have affirmed that he quitted his trade; but there is nothing to authorise that assertion in what he says himself on the subject, and it is probable that he rather neglected than at once abandoned it.*

The memoirs which have been written of Stowe, are not perfectly accurate in their view of the events of his life; whilst in the account they give of his works there is considerable confusion. Strype, in his edition of the Survay, (or rather his own Survey, formed on the basis of Stowe's,) has, it is

Like Dr. Dee, and Selden, and Cotton, and other learned men of that and the subsequent age, Stowe occasionally fell under the jealousy of those in power, and his study was invaded, and the safety of his valuable collections endangered. Stowe in his earlier years was suspected of a partiality to the Church of Rome, though many passages of his writings attest that he was subsequently a fervent Protestant. His attachment was evi

* In consequence of a passage connected with this point in Mr. D'Israeli's "Curiosities of Literature," it will undergo some discussion in a volume preparing for publication by Bolton Corney, esq. whose very kind and obliging assistance in the preparation of the present article is thankfully acknowledged.

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