satin bannerets, festooned outwards, displaying the Cross of St. George and the Union Jack. Below the cornice the canopy was continued in alternate stripes of red and white satin, embroidered with golden fleurs de lis. There was a lower frieze with an armorial vallance hanging from it. The frieze displaced the Rose, Shamrock, and Thistle, embroidered with the Lotos of India in gold, silver, and colours. It was adorned at each angle by a gilded crown and silken drapery. The vallance was composed of shield-shaped forms, on which were shown alternately the Irish Harp, the Lion Rampant of Scotland, and the three Lions of England. The shafts of the canopy were hung with silver shields, about ten feet from the ground, bearing the imperial monogram in gold, surmounted by bannerets of various-coloured satins.... From an early hour there had been a general gathering towards the Imperial Assemblage. Ruling Chiefs drove by in state carriages accompanied by retainers and soldiers. Groups of elephants crowded to the same spot clad in the trappings they had worn on the day of the entry. Vast multitudes also assembled to see the various Chiefs and High Officials pass by on their way to the place of Proclamation. The spectators' seats on either side of the Throne Pavilion were occupied by Ambassadors, Envoys, and Deputations, including those from Nipal and Siam; also by Foreign Consuls, and a large number of European ladies and gentlemen. Here also were seated the Khan of Khelat, the GovernorGeneral of the Portuguese Settlements in India, and numerous Native nobles and officials. The general public were also admitted in great numbers to the inclosure, behind the Amphitheatre.

All the British troops assembled at Delhi were drawn up on a plain to the north of the pavilions; the Native chiefs and nobles had in like manner drawn up their retainers and followers on the opposite plain to the south of the pavilions.

Guards of honour were drawn up on either side of the Throne Pavilion, as well as at each of the several entrances to the Amphitheatre.

At noon a flourish of trumpets from the Heralds announced the arrival of His Excellency the Viceroy. All who were present in that vast assembly rose from their seats; the military bands played a grand march. His Excellency, who was accompanied by Lady Lytton and the members of his family, alighted from his carriage and advanced towards the Throne Pavilion preceded by the Personal Staff. The

bands struck up the National Anthem, and the guards of honour presented arms as the Viceroy took his seat upon the throne.

The proceedings were simple and impressive. His Excellency was arrayed in his robes as Grand Master of the Star of India. He commanded the Chief Herald to read the Proclamation of the assumption of the Imperial Title by Her Majesty the Queen. The twelve Heralds sounded a flourish of trumpets. The Chief Herald then read the Proclamation in a loud voice, which was heard by the whole Assemblage.

"VICTORIA, R.

"Whereas an Act has been passed in the present Sessions of Parliament, intituled 'An Act to enable Her Most Gracious Majesty to make an addition to the Royal Style and Titles appertaining to the Imperial Crown of the United Kingdom and its Dependencies,' which Act recites that, by the Act for the Union of Great Britain and Ireland, it was provided that after such Union the Royal Style and Titles appertaining to the Imperial Crown of the United Kingdom and its Dependencies should be such as His Majesty by His Royal Proclamation under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom should be pleased to appoint: and which Act also recites that, by virtue of the said Act, and of a Royal Proclamation under the Great Seal, dated the 1st day of January 1801, Our present Style and Titles are 'VICTORIA, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland QUEEN, Defender of the Faith': and which Act also recites that, by the Act for the better government of India, it was enacted that the Government of India, theretofore vested in the East India Company in trust for Us, should become vested in Us, and that India should thenceforth be governed by Us and in Our name, and that it is expedient that there should be a recognition of the transfer of government so made by means of an addition to be made to Our Style and Titles: and which Act, after the said recitals, enacts that it shall be lawful for Us, with a view to such recognition as aforesaid, of the transfer of the Government of India, by Our Proclamation under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom to make such addition to the Style and Titles at present appertaining to the Imperial Crown of the United Kingdom and its Dependencies as to Us may seem meet; we have thought fit, by and with the advice of Our

Privy Council, to appoint and declare, and We do hereby, by and with the said advice, appoint and declare that henceforth, so far as conveniently may be, on all occasions and in all instruments wherein Our Style and Titles are used, save and except all Charters, Commissions, Letters Patent, Grants, Writs, Appointments, and other like instruments, not extending in their operation beyond the United Kingdom, the following addition shall be made to the Style and Titles at present appertaining to the Imperial Crown of the United Kingdom and its Dependencies; that is to say, in the Latin tongue in these words: 'INDIE IMPERATRIX.' And in the English tongue in these words: 'EMPRESS OF INDIA.'

“And Our will and pleasure further is, that the said addition shall not be made in the Commissions, Charters, Letters Patent, Grants, Writs, Appointments, and other like instruments, hereinbefore specially excepted.

"And Our will and pleasure further is, that all gold, silver, and copper moneys, now current and lawful moneys of the United Kingdom, and all gold, silver, and copper moneys which shall on or after this day be coined by Our authority with the like impression, shall, notwithstanding such addition to Our Style and Titles, be deemed and taken to be current and lawful moneys of the said United Kingdom; and further, that all moneys coined for and issued in any of the Dependencies of the said United Kingdom, and declared by Our Proclamation to be current and lawful money of such Dependencies respectively bearing Our Style, or Titles, or any part or parts thereof, and all moneys which shall hereafter be coined and issued according to such Proclamation, shall, notwithstanding such addition, continue to be lawful and current money of such Dependencies respectively, until Our pleasure shall be further declared thereupon.

"Given at Our Court at Windsor the twenty-eighth day of April One thousand eight hundred and seventy-six in the thirty-ninth year of Our Reign.

"GOD SAVE THE QUEEN.”

(History of the Imperial Assemblage at Delhi, J. T. Wheeler, Lond., n. d., p. 70.)

CHAPTER XXXV

ENGLAND AND THE TRANSVAAL

233. The Sand River Convention

From the Records

The far-reaching consequences which threatened to result from the war between England and the Transvaal Republic, the questions in diplomacy and international law which have been raised, seem to justify a departure from the principles hitherto followed in the making of this book. I have therefore given the complete texts of the three important conventions by which the contesting nations sought to justify their respective positions. The first of these treaties is entitled The Sand River Convention, and was made in 1852.

Minute of a meeting held on the farm of Mr. P. A. Venter, Sand River, on Friday, the 16th day of January, 1852, between her Majesty's Commissioners, Major W. S. Hogge and C. M. Owen, appointed to settle the affairs of the east and north-east boundaries of the Cape Colony, on the one part; and the following deputies of the emigrant Boers, living north of Vaal River, on the other hand: A. W. J. Pretorius, Comdt.-General; H. S. Lombard, Landdrost; H. F. Joubert, Comdt.-General; G. F. Krieger, Commandant, and twelve others.

1. The Assistant Commissioners guarantee in the fullest manner, on the part of the British Government, to the emigrant farmers beyond the Vaal River, the right to manage their own affairs, and to govern themselves according to their own laws, without any interference on the part of the British Government; and that no encroachment shall be made by the said Government on the territory beyond, to the north of the Vaal River, with the further assurance that the warmest wish of the British Government is to promote peace, free trade, and friendly intercourse with the emigrant farmers now inhabiting, or who may inhabit, that country; it being understood that this system of non-interference is binding upon both parties.

2. Should any misunderstanding hereafter arise as to the true meaning of the words, "The Vaal River," this question, in so far as it regards the line from the source of that river, over to Drakensberg, shall be settled and adjusted by Commissioners chosen by both parties.

3. Her Majesty's Assistant Commissioners hereby disclaim all alliances whatever and with whomsoever of the coloured nations to the north of the Vaal River.

4. It is agreed that no slavery is or shall be permitted or practised in the country to the north of the Vaal River by the emigrant farmers.

5. Mutual facilities and liberty shall be afforded to traders and travellers on both sides of the Vaal River; it being understood that every waggon containing firearms, coming from the south side of the Vaal River, shall produce a certificate signed by a British magistrate, or other functionary, duly authorized to grant such, and which shall state the quantities of such articles contained in said waggon to the nearest magistrate north of the Vaal River, who shall act in the case as the regulations of the emigrant farmers direct. It is agreed that no objections shall be made by any British authority against the emigrant Boers purchasing their supplies of ammunition in any of the British Colonies and possesions of South Africa; it being mutually understood that all trade in ammunition with the native tribes is prohibited, both by the British Government and the emigrant farmers on both sides of the Vaal River.

6. It is agreed that, so far as possible, all criminals and other guilty parties who may fly from justice either way across the Vaal River shall be mutually delivered up, if such should be required; and that the British courts, as well as those of the emigrant farmers, shall be mutually opened to each other for all legitimate processes, and that summonses for witnesses sent either way across the Vaal River shall be backed by the magistrates on each side of the same respectively, to compel the attendance of such witnesses when required.

7. It is agreed that certificates of marriage issued by the proper authorities of the emigrant farmers shall be held valid and sufficient to entitle children of such marriages to receive portions accruing to them in any British colony or possession in South Africa.

8. It is agreed that any and every person now in possession of land, and residing in British territory, shall have free