make a harbourage or abide without the Court on the king's business, eightpence daily, and one gallon of household wine and twelve candle-ends. If without, threepence daily for their man and a full candle. And if anyone of the Marshals shall be sent on the king's business, eightpence only.

The Serjeants of the Marshals if they shall be sent on the king's business, to each of them, daily, threepence. But if not they shall eat in the king's house.

The Ushers, servants of the Bishop, shall eat in the house; to each of their men three half-pence daily and eight candle-ends.

Gilbert Bonhomme and Ralph shall eat in the house without any other allowance.

The Watchmen, a double ration; and to their men three halfpence daily and four candles, and besides this of a morning each of them two loaves and one dish of meat and one gallon of beer.

The Keeper of the Hearth shall always eat in the house, and from the feast of Saint Michael to Easter every day fourpence for the fire.

The Usher of the Chamber each day on which the king fares abroad fourpence for the king's bed.

The Keeper of the Tents shall eat in the house, and whenever he was to carry the tents, he used to have allowance for one man and one sumpter-horse.

Each of the four Hornblowers threepence daily.

Twenty Serjeants, each one penny daily.

The Keepers of the Gazehounds, each threepence daily and twopence to their men.

And for every Harrier a half-penny daily.

The King's Mews eightpence daily.

The Knight's Huntsmen eightpence daily each.

The Cat Hunters each fivepence.

The Leader of the Limmers a penny.

A Limmer, a half-penny.

The Bear-ward threepence daily.

The Huntsmen of the Hart, each threepence daily, and of the great Hart four ought to have a penny, and of the small Hart seven a penny.

For the great Hart two men, and each a penny daily; and for the small Hart two men, and each a penny daily.

The Keepers of the Brachs, each threepence daily. The Wolf-catchers, twenty pence daily for them and their men and dogs, and they ought to have twenty-four coursing dogs, and eight Harriers, and six pounds by the year to buy horses, but they themselves say eight.

Of the Archers who used to carry the king's bow, each fivepence daily; and other archers the same.

Bernard, Ralph le Bobeur, and their fellows each threepence daily.

(In Court Life under the Plantagenets, ed. H. Hall, London, 1890. p. 244.)

64. The First Coronation of Richard I.

Roger de Hovenden

The ceremony described by Roger de Hoveden illustrates the form by which the kings of England were installed in office. The royal state used by the Norman kings was derived from their Saxon predecessors and continued by the Angevins. The student should observe the function of the Church, the oath of the king, the manner of anointing and crowning, and the oaths of fealty and homage which concluded the ceremony.

First came the bishops, abbats, and large numbers of the clergy, wearing silken hoods, preceded by the cross, taperbearers, censers, and holy water, as far as the door of the king's inner chamber; where they received the before-named duke, and escorted him to the church of Westminster, as far as the high altar, in solemn procession, with chaunts of praise, while all the way along which they went, from the door of the king's chamber to the altar, was covered with woollen cloth. The order of the procession was as follows: First came the clergy in their robes, carrying holy water, and the cross, tapers, and censers. Next came the priors, then the abbats, and then the bishops, in the midst of whom walked four barons, bearing four candlesticks of gold; after whom came Godfrey de Lucy, bearing the king's cap [of maintenance], and John Marshal by him, carrying two great and massive spurs of gold. After these came William Marshal, earl of Striguil, bearing the royal sceptre of gold, on the top of which was a cross of gold, and by him William FitzPatrick, earl of Salisbury, bearing a rod of gold, having on its top a dove of gold. After them came David, earl of Huntingdon, brother of the king of Scotland, John, earl of Mortaigne, the duke's brother, and Robert, earl of Leicester, carrying three golden swords from the king's treasury, the scabbards of which were worked all over with gold; the earl of Mortaigne walking in the middle. Next came six earls

and six barons, carrying on their shoulders a very large chequer, upon which were placed the royal arms and robes; and after them William de Mandeville, earl of Aumarle, carrying a great and massive crown of gold, decorated on every side with precious stones. Next came Richard, duke of Normandy, Hugh, bishop of Durham, walking at his right hand, and Reginald, bishop of Bath, at his left, and four barons holding over them a canopy of silk on four lofty spears. Then followed a great number of earls, barons, knights, and others, both clergy and laity, as far as the porch of the church, and dressed in their robes, entered with the duke, and proceeded as far as the choir.

When the duke had come to the altar, in presence of the archbishops, bishops, clergy, and people, kneeling before the altar, with the holy Evangelists placed before him, and many relics of the saints, according to custom, he swore that he would all the days of his life observe peace, honour, and reverence towards God, the Holy Church, and its ordinances. He also swore that he would exercise true justice and equity towards the people committed to his charge. He also swore that he would abrogate bad laws and unjust customs, if any such had been introduced into his kingdom, and would enact good laws, and observe the same without fraud or evil intent. After this they took off all his clothes from the waist upwards, except his shirt and breeches; his shirt having been previously separated over his shoulders; after which they shod him with sandals embroidered with gold. Then Baldwin, archbishop of Canterbury, pouring holy oil upon his head, breast, and arms, which signifies glory, valour, and knowledge, with suitable prayers for the occasion; after which the said archbishop placed a consecrated linen cloth on his head, and upon that the cap which Godfrey de Lucy had carried. They then clothed him in the royal robes, first a tunic, and then a dalmatic; after which the said archbishop delivered to him the sword of rule, with which to crush evildoers against the Church; this done, two earls placed the spurs upon his feet, which John Marshal had carried. After this, being robed in a mantle, he was led to the altar, where the said archbishop forbade him, in the name of Almighty God, to presume to take upon him this dignity, unless he had the full intention inviolably to observe the oaths and vows before-mentioned which he had made; to which he made answer that, with God's assistance, he would without reservation observe them all. After this, he himself took the

crown from the altar and gave it to the archbishop; on which, the archbishop delivered it to him, and placed it upon his head, it being supported by two earls in consequence of its extreme weight. After this, the archbishop delivered to him the sceptre to hold in his right hand, while he held the rod of royalty in his left; and, having been thus crowned, the king was led back to his seat by the before-named bishops of Durham and Bath, preceded by the taper-bearers and the three swords before-mentioned. After this, the mass of our Lord was commenced, and, when they came to the offertory, the before-named bishops led him to the altar, where he offered one mark of the purest gold, such being the proper offering for the king at each coronation; after which, the bishops before-named led him back to his seat. The mass having been concluded, and all things solemnly performed, the two bishops before-named, one on the right hand, the other on the left, led him back from the church to his chamber, crowned, and carrying a sceptre in his right hand and the rod of royalty in his left, the procession going in the same order as before. Then the procession returned to the choir, and our lord the king put off his royal crown and robes of royalty, and put on a crown and robes that were lighter; and, thus crowned, went to dine; on which the archbishops and bishops took their seats with him at the table, each according to his rank and dignity. The earls and barons also served in the king's palace, according to their several dignities; while the citizens of London served in the cellars, and the citizens of Winchester in the kitchen...

On the second day after his coronation, Richard, king of England, received the oaths of homage and fealty from the bishops, abbats, earls, and barons of England.

(Annals of Roger de Hoveden for 1189, trans. by H. T. Riley. London, 1853. II, 117.)

65. Levying a Feudal Aid

(1198)

Roger de Hoveden

The manner in which the king's taxes were collected is well illustrated in the chosen selection. The minuteness of detail in the account makes it as interesting as valuable. This extract should be compared with that describing the levying of an aid in the seventeenth century (No. 151).

... In the same year, Richard, king of England, levied from each carucate or hide of land throughout all England five shillings as an aid; for the purpose of collecting which,

the said king sent through each county of England one clerk and one knight; who, with the sheriff of the county to which they were sent, and lawful knights elected for the purpose, making oath that they would faithfully perform the king's business, caused to appear before them the seneschals of the barons of the said county, and the lord or bailiff of every vill, and the reeve, together with the four lawful men of the vill, whether freemen or villeins, as also two lawful knights of the hundred, who made oath that they would faithfully and without fraud declare what was the amount of carucates in each vill that were in tillage; namely, how many were held in demesne, how many in villanage, how many in almoign bestowed on religious orders, which the givers thereof were bound to make warranty of, or to pay for, or for which the said religious were bound to do service; and upon each carucate in tillage, by the king's commands, they first levied two shillings and then three shillings; all of which was reduced to writing. Of all this the clerk had one register, the knight another, the sheriff a third, and the seneschals of the barons a fourth register as to the land of their lords.

This money was received by the hands of two lawful knights of each hundred, and by the hands of the bailiff of the hundred, and they were answerable for the same to the sheriff, and the sheriff answerable for the same according to the before-mentioned registers to the exchequer, in presence of the bishops, abbats, and barons appointed for the purpose.

Also, for the punishment of the jurors who, contrary to their oath, should be guilty of concealing anything in the said matters, it was enacted that whatever villein should be convicted of perjury he should forfeit to his lord the best ox of his plough, and should, out of his own property, be answerable for as much money for the use of our lord the king as should be proved to have remained concealed by means of his perjury; but if a free man should be convicted, he was to be amerced by the king, and was to refund as well out of his own property as much as had been concealed by him, in the same manner as the villein.

It was also enacted, that every baron should, with the aid of the sheriff, make levies upon his tenants; and if, by default of the baron, such levies should not be made, then there was to be taken from the demesne of the baron what should remain payable by his tenants, and the baron was to take the same from his tenants. Frank-fees of parish