Bleeding from the Navel.-Sometimes, a day or two after the cord separates, or at the time of separation, bleeding takes place from the navel. Fortunately this very seldom occurs; and I only mention it to observe that, upon its occurrence, the point of the finger should be placed over the part, and pressure steadily applied until medical assistance is obtained.

Now and then, in these cases, a growth sprouts up and bleeds. Let this be touched with lunar caustic, or any other astringent application, or let pressure be employed, still it will bleed-not freely or in a stream, but there will be a constant drain from the part; and the infant, as a consequence, will waste and be brought to death's door. Excise it, it will only make matters worse. The treatment in this case consists in simply winding a piece of very narrow tape round the growth and leaving it untouched. The bleeding will soon cease; granulations will sprout over the upper margin of the tape; in a very short time it will, as it were, strangle the disease; and thus a complete cure is accomplished.

Jaundice. It frequently happens, during the first or second week after birth, that the skin of the child becomes very yellow, and it has all the appearance of having the jaundice. This gives rise to great distress to the parent when she perceives it, and she becomes very anxious for the medical man's next visit.

Now, ordinarily it is of no consequence, commonly disappearing spontaneously, and requiring no medical treatment. If, however, it does not go off in two or three days, a tea-spoonful of castor-oil should be given once, or oftener if necessary.

It is of course possible for an attack of real jaundice to occur at this early period, and a disease of a

very serious nature will then have to be dealt with; but, except as a consequence of malformation (a very infrequent occurrence), it is not likely to arise; and therefore jaundice during the first and second week after delivery need not excite alarm.

Tongue-tied. This arises from the bridle under the tongue being too short, or its attachment to the tongue extended so near the tip as to interfere with the motions of the organ in sucking, and in after years in speaking. It is a rare occurrence, although nothing is more common than for medical men to have infants brought to them supposed to be labouring under the above defect.

How its Existence may be determined. The best guide for a parent to determine whether it exists or not, is for her to watch whether the infant can protrude the tip of the tongue beyond the lips; if so, it will be able to suck a good nipple very readily, and nothing need or ought to be done. No mother would unnecessarily expose her infant to an operation which, unless carefully performed, is not altogether unattended with danger; and if she suspects any defect of this kind to exist, she has only to observe the circumstance mentioned above, to satisfy her mind upon the subject.

Moles and Marks on the Skin.-The supposed influence of the imagination of the mother, in the production of the above appearances in the texture of the skin of the infant, has been fully discussed in the First Chapter. We have now to say a word upon the probable effect of their presence upon the health of the child.

They may be divided into two classes-the brownish mole, and claret stain; and small, but somewhat elevated tumours, either of a dark blue livid colour, or of a bright vermilion hue.

Moles and Stains.-They are of no importance, as far as the health of the infant is concerned. If situated in the face, however, they frequently cause great disfigurement—as the claret stain, which may be seen sometimes to occupy nearly half the face. But they happily do not increase in size, remaining stationary through life; and as any operation that might be proposed for their removal would only cause an equal, if not greater deformity, they ought to be left alone.

Coloured Spots or Tumours.-These vary in their number, size, and situation. The same child is sometimes born with many of them. They may be as small as a pea, or as large as a crown-piece. They are not only found on the skin, but on the lips, in the mouth, and on other parts of the body. These also sometimes remain stationary in their size, having no tendency to enlarge, unless, indeed, subjected to pressure. But as they frequently require surgical aid—in which case, the earlier the application of remedial measures the less severe is their kind, and the greater the probability of a speedy and successful result-so it is always important for the mother early to obtain a medical opinion, that the measure of interference_or non-interference may be decided.

Their Preventor - May hangs may be done to JPETAL SITE Locus, me a the most painful and Troublesome coreHILI'S TILI can arise during suck

Prior to confummal, and especially in a first pregnacy—more parurtiary where the nipple is mail and the skin covering it thin and delicate—the zippues should be prepared for sucking. This must be attended to during the last six weeks. The mode to be adopted, however, has already been pointed out in the First Chapter; and the reader is referred to the directions there given.

After delivery has taken place, it is a common error to put the infant too early to the breast. In a first confinement no milk, usually, is secreted until after the third day, and the most universal practice of continually putting the child to the breast before this period has transpired can only do harm. It chafes, heats, and irritates the nipple, and frequently renders it unfit for use when the milk really does come. This remark, however, does not apply to subsequent confinements.

Then, after suckling has fairly commenced, if you would prevent sore nipples, you must not allow the

child during the night to have the nipple constantly in its mouth- -a very common and injurious practice. It not only causes sore nipples, but is frequently seriously injurious to the infant's health.

MAW

And lastly, if after two or three days' nursing you find the nipples at all disposed to get tender, before they become sore, resort to the use of 'Wansbrough's Metallic Shield.' They are manufactured by Maw and Son, and are sold by all chemists and instrumentmakers. Being made of lead, they are safe and pliable, and are supposed, when wet with the milk, to form a lactate of lead, which acts beneficially on the nipple. During the last eighteen months I have given these shields a fair trial, and in almost every case have found them successful in preventing sore nipples. To be of any avail, however, they must be used before anything like a sore or crack takes place; for whilst they will prevent sore nipples, they will not cure them. They are to be constantly worn in the intervals between the acts of nursing, and for the latter object are to be removed, and the nipples carefully washed before the infant is put to the breast. Any one who has suffered in previous nursings should wear these shields from the day after her delivery.

FIG. 5.

Means of Cure.-1. If they are tender and fretted, exquisitely painful to the touch, and also very hot and dry, but not chapped, apply a bread-andwater poultice every four hours, fomenting the part with warm water, or the decoction of poppy-heads, every time it is renewed. And when the unnatural heat and great pain of the nipple is relieved, apply, when the child is not at the breast, the metallic shield.

2. But the skin of the nipple may have become