DECLENSIONAL IRREGULARITIES.

The student should remember the terminations given at the head of Lesson XXV. First Book.

* This root has two bases

the Benedict. Parasm. Theof

and

भर्ज् in all non-conjugational tenses except

is changed to when not dropped (X. p. 49).

1. We will here notice only the anomalous case-forms of several nouns; the rest are to be made up by simply adding the case terminations and observing the general Sandhi rules. The vocative singular, except when specified, is to be considered to be like the corresponding nominative.

2. विश्वपा, शङ्खध्मा, and other nouns whose latter members, or which, in themselves, are roots ending in 3⁄4, drop the ending when followed by the vowel terminations beginning with the acc. plural.

3. The voc. sing., the gen. plur., and the first six forms of fa are like those off, and the abl., gen., and loc. sings. are पत्युः -त्युः - त्यौ

4. The first five forms of सखि are सखा, सखायौ - यः - यम्; the acc. plur. is, and the abl., gen., and loc. sings. and gen. plur. are सख्युः - ख्युः - ख्यौ - खीनाम्. The voc. sing. is सखे. 5. श्री धी, भू and other nouns which are derived from roots without the addition of any termination, and the nouns and change their final or, short or long, toga or a इय् respectively before the vowel terminations. takes the terminations of, while aft, ft, and other feminine nouns of this description take them optionally in the dat., abl., and loc. sing. and gen. plur. The acc. sing. of is or स्त्रियम् and the plural स्त्री: or स्त्रियः

gen.

धी,

6. Feminine root-nouns in aff, and if do not drop the

The voc. sing. is f

such as and aff, and af, of the nom. sing.

7. (a.) The इ or उ, short or long, of a root-noun is changed to or when it is not preceded by a conjunct consonant, and at the same time when the noun is preceded by a preposition as applied to the root and not the noun, or by a substantive which in the dissolution of the compound takes an oblique case; as ग्रामणीः - ण्यौ - ण्यः - ण्यम् प्रधीः- ध्यौ - ध्यः The loc. sing. of ग्रामणी and other nouns ending in is formed by adding the termination आम्; as ग्रामण्याम् Nouns like ग्रामणी and सेनानी which primarily signify a male occupation are declined like the masculine even when used as adjectives to qualify feminine substantives. Other root-nouns in long these vowels to or as above are, when feminine, declined For the nom. sing. of the former, see 6 p. 86.

like नदी or वधू

or

that change

पुनर्भू, also feminine, is similarly declined.

प्रधीनाम्

(b.) Exceptions - सुधी and nouns ending in भू; as सुधीः- धियौ धियः, स्वयंभूः भुवी-भुत्रः &c. These nouns and others that change the ई or ऊ to इय् or उव् when feminine are declined like श्री ; see 5 p. 86.

(c) Counter-exceptions: - वर्षाभू and पुनर्भू, as वर्षाभ्वौ &c.

8. गो and यो change their final ओ to औ in the first five inflections; as mat: &c. The acc. sings. are गौः गावौ -वः

and बाम्,

and plurals : and :. The abl. and gen. sings. are and All nouns ending in are thus declined. 9. नौ and ग्लौ have no peculiarities.

10. before the consonantal terminations becomes π; as राः, रायौ &c. Instr. राया - राभ्याम् - राभिः

11. अस्थि, दधि, सक्थि, and अक्षि are to be considered as अस्थन्, दधन्, सक्थन्, and अक्षन् when followed by the vowel terminations beginning with the instr. sing., and are declined like nouns ending in अन्. They are declined like वारि in the first two cases and the vocative.

Nom. Acc.
Instr.

अस्थि 377271

अस्थिनी अस्थिभ्याम्

अस्थीनि. अस्थिभिः &c. &c.

A great many roots become nouns without the addition of any termination.

ह्

12. The changes of the final of a root when followed by particular consonants have been explained in Lesson IX.

द

Thus in the case of fa root-noun, the termination ♬ being dropped, the g is changed to by I. p. 43, and that to or by ह् II. p. 53. Before and other such terminations it is changed to by VI. p. 45.

भ्याम्
So we have,

Nom.

Instr.

दुब्

being dropped, we have, by V. p. 45, ¿; by VII. p. 45,

J धुघ्, and by II. p. 53, धुक् or धुग्. Before भ्याम् and such other terminations we have + by V. p. 45. Then,

13. The change mentioned in VII. Lesson IX. takes place before the consonantal terminations.

धुग्भ्याम्

मुह्, स्नुह्,

and

By this and VI. p. 45 we have &c. Loc. plur. q. 14. The of the roots and root-nouns, ह् स्निह् is optionally changed to घू ं. e. to घ् or द्र.

i.

15. The first five inflected forms of अनडुह् are अनड्वान् ड्डा

हो - हः - हम हौ. The voc. sing. is

changed to when followed by the consonantal terminations; as अनडुद्भयाम्-अनडुद्भिः &c.

16. The nom. sing. of is: It becomes before the consonantal terminations, as शुभ्याम्

17. Nouns ending in the syllable such as, and

अ

and पूषन्, differ from other nouns ending in, in lengthening the penultimate in the nom. sing. only. The of न् वृत्रहन् is changed to when is not dropped; as --ET: nom.; वृत्रघ्ना- हभ्याम् - हभिः instr. &c.

ह्

About the change of to when the is dropped, see Rule 2 c. p. 46.

18.

उ

श्वन् युवन् and मघवन change their व to when followed by the vowel terminations beginning with the acc. plur., as शुनः, यूनः मघोनः : : : acc. plur. &c. In other respects they follow the general declension of nouns ending in अन्.

19. The first five forms of पथिन् are पन्थाः - न्थानौ - नः - नम्नौ. The final is dropped before the vowel terminations; इन् as पथ: acc. sing. पथा-थिभ्याम् - थिभिः instr. &c. In other respects it follows the general declension of nouns ending in इन्· The voc. sing. is : like the nom. sing.

20. मथिन is declined similarly. ऋभुक्षिन् differs from these only in the non-insertion of the nasal in the first five inflections; ऋभुक्षाः-क्षाणौ - क्षाण: nom. ; ऋभुक्षः acc. plur.; ऋभुक्षा instr. sing.

21. The of obeys rule IX. Lesson IX.

Nom. sing. परिव्राज् परित्राष, स being dropped, – परित्राट्-इ by II. p. 53. Instr. dual परिव्राज् + भ्याम् - परित्राष् + भ्याम् by the aboveपरिव्राड्भ्याम् by VI. p. 45.

So also Nom. sing. of विश; विश - विषू by IX. p. 47, स् being «lropped—विट्-इ by II. P. 53. Instr. dual विश-विष्-विइभ्याम्

Decline similarly देवेज् (देव + यज्), निश, विश्वसृज् , राज् &c.

22. प्राच् प्रत्यच्, उदच्, अवाच्, सम्यच्, and तिर्यच् have a nasal inserted before the final consonant in the first five inflections of the masc. The nom. sings are प्राङ्, प्रत्यङ्ग, उदङ्,