The king has sat [fa with ] upon the throne and is consulting with his ministers.

We have protected [TT] you so long from evil or injury and you now act the traitor towards us; what could be more mournful?

Why hast thou abandoned [ ] an affectionate wife who never did any thing you did not like?

LESSON XXIII.

Fourth and Fifth Varieties.

1. The most general varieties of the Aorist are the fourth and the fifth. Any root that does not belong to any of the preceding ones takes one or other of these. In the same manner a root that takes one of the others optionally, or in the Parasmaipada only, has its other or Âtmanepada form made up in either of these ways.

सु

2. (a.) The fifth differs from the fourth in prefixing the augment to the terminations, and consequently it is the Aorist of Set roots and the fourth that of Anit roots. (b.) स्तु and when Parasm. belong to the fifth variety, though Anit; and (c.) and roots ending in preceded by a conjunct consonant or in long, when Âtmanepadi, and (d.) such as are optionally Set, to either. (e.) when Parasm. take the fifth only.

अञ्ज

and

3.

and स्तु

क्रम्

इ

do not admit when they take the Atmanepada terminations.

ट

4. The augment in the case of the root ग्रह् is long in all non-conjugational tenses except the Perfect. and roots ending in (long) optionally lengthen it in all non-conjugational tenses except the Perfect, Benedictive Atm., and Aorist Parasm.

5. a. The forms of the Imperfect of a 'to be,' with the initial dropped, are appended to the root as terminations. b. The third person plural has : instead of .c. When in the fifth variety is prefixed, the of the second and third person स् singular is dropped. d. The rule about the change of a to given in 4 p. 71 holds good in the case of in this tense.

इ

ध्वम्

I. preceded and followed by any consonant except a स् nasal or a semivowel is dropped ; as अभिद् + स्त = अभित्तः अभेद् + स्ताम् = अभैत्ताम्

6. In the Parasmaipada forms of the fourth variety the vowel of a root takes its Vriddhi substitute; as भिद्-अभैत्सीत्. Fifth Variety.

in

र्

लू

वद्

7. In the Parasmaipada fifth, (a.) the ending इ, उ, ऋ, and ऌ, short or long, and (b.) the penultimate अ of roots ending or and (c.) that of and take Vriddhi necessarily; as लू-अलौ + इषम्=अलाविषम्, चर्-अचारिषम्, फल - अफालिषम्8. The अ, if not prosodially long, of roots having an initial consonant and ending in any consonant except and लू takes Vriddhi optionally; as गद्-अगदीत् 01 अगादीत्.

9. Exceptions: – Roots ending in हू, म्, य्, and क्षण, श्वस्, जागृ कट, लगू, हस्, वि and some others, do not take Vriddhi; as क्रम - अक्रमीत्.

10. The penultimate इ, उ, ऋ, ऌ, take their Guna in the fifth form; as सिध्- असेधीत्, शुच्-अशोचीत्, कृत्-अकर्तीत्

ATMANEPADA.

Fourth Variety.

11. In the Atmanepada fourth variety, (1.) the ending इ or उ, short or long, takes Guna, while (b) the ending ॠ and the penultimate vowel remain unchanged; as नी - अनेष्ट, सुअसोष्ट, भृ-अभृषत 3rd pers., plur. भिद्-अभित्त. Ending ऋ (long) is treated as in 8 p. 8; as स्तृ-अस्तीर्ट, वृ-अत्रुष्ट

12. After a short vowel the of and r: is dropped; स् स्त स्थाः

as हृ अहृतः

13. In the Atmanepada,, . and *such roots as assume those forms in the non-conjugational tenses, and substitute इ for the final, and this does not take Guna; as tien अदिषाताम्

इ

Fifth Variety.

14. The ending vowel or the penultimate short takes its Guna substitute in the fifth variety; as ofte - अमोदिष्ट.

15. इ with optionally substitutes for in the Aorist इ and Conditional. It is then changed to ft before consonants; as अध्यैष्ट Or अध्यगीष्ट 3rd pers. sing.

16. Anit roots having for their penultimate change it to optionally, when followed by a strong† termination beginning with a hard consonant; as, स्पृश- अस्प्राक्षम् or अस्पार्क्षम्. For सृज् and दृश् 800 17 p. 74; सृज् - अनाक्षम्, दृश्-अद्राक्षम्, ( द्रक्ष्यति future ).

यम्

17. In the Atmanepada fourth Aorist, drops its nasal necessarily, and, and when it means to marry,' optionally. is used instead of in the Parasmaipada and हन् optionally in the Âtmanepada. does not take Vriddhi. I

वधू

हन् with आ ātm.-आ + अ + न् + स्तह् + स्त - ह + त by 12 above - अहत आहत ; dual आहसाताम्-plur. आहसत. Another form is rवधिष्ट &c. यम् with उप Atm -- उपायत उपायसाताम् &c. or उपायंस्त उपायसाताम् &c. गम् with सम् Atm - समगत or समस्त &c.

स्

-

II. The final of a root is changed to when followed by a non-personal termination with an 18. The third person singular of the

, . e. it is made up by using the

initial Ħ
स्·
Aorist ofis
termination इ in-

* Whenever this expression is used, always understand T 2nd conj. 'to cut,' and 1st conj. 'to purify,' to be excepted.

I. e. any termination which occasions a Guna or Vriddhi change in the preceding.
By this expression are meant all terminations with the exception of those which

express number and person as fЯ, fa, fa &c. and one or two others.

stead of स्त. दीपू, जन्, बुध्, पूर्, ताम्, and व्याय् substitute this for optionally.

इ स्त

19. a. The passive forms of non-conjugational tenses are made up simply by appending Âtmanepada terminations to the prepared base. b. The second and third Aorists are active, wherefore the roots belonging to them take the Atm. fourth, fifth, or seventh in the passive. c. In the passive of the Aorist, all roots take for the third person singular, instead of स्त.

इ

इ

20. Before this the ending vowel and the penultimate अ take Vriddhi and any other penultimate short takes Guņa. The अ of जन् and of Set roots ending in म् except चमूं with आ, कम्, and वम् is not changed.

21. Final takes the augment before the

आ

इ.

22. The ह् of हन् is changed to घ् when the vowel undergoes Vriddhi (see 7 p. 128).

अ + भृ + सीत्-भार् by 6 p. 147 - अभाषत् ( note + p. 79 F. B.).

Atm.

अ + भृ + स्त - the vowel remaining unchanged by 11 (b.) p. 147

-

अ + लू + ईत्-लौ + ईत् by 7 (a.) P. 147 - अलावीत्

अलाविष्म

अलाविष्ट

अलाविषुः