to show how to derive them and how, generally, to apply the rules in particular cases. All this new matter has been printed in small type. I have thus myself done, in a great measure, what I expected teachers to do and what I, as a teacher, once did. Several other changes and alterations have been made in this edition. Separate vocabularies have been given for the English exercises, the two lessons on the second conjugation have been expanded into four, the number of verses from Bhartrihari has been reduced and the passage from Kâdambarî removed and another somewhat shorter and much simpler from the same work, substituted for it. I have also here and there added a few rules especially in the lesson on compounds and given a few more exercises.

I was not so sanguine about the success of this book as of the first. But I am very happy to perceive that this also has met with favour and that along with the first it has become the means, howsoever humble, of facilitating and promoting the study of the language of the ancient Rishis among their modern descendants.

Bombay, 15th April, 1873.

R. G. B.

SECOND BOOK OF SANSKRIT.

LESSON I.

The Sanskrit Verb has ten tenses and moods together. In four of these the verbs undergo peculiar modifications, with reference to which they are divided into nine conjugational classes. These four are called conjugational or special tenses and moods. The learner has been introduced. to three in the First Book, and we will now proceed to the fourth.

Potential Mood.

1. Terminations-same as those of the Imperfect.

2.

is to be prefixed to the terminations having an in

itial consonant, and to those having an initial vowel.

With the augment therefore, the terminations are as follows:

which the original

* Sanskrit Grammarians reckon ten, but the augment

root undergoes in the tenth conjugation, appears not only in the four tenses and

moods indicated in the text but in several others also.

3. Before appending these terminations, the conjugational

sign must be affixed to the root and the usual vowel changes

4. The potential expresses ( 1 ) probability, commands, prayers, wishes, hopes, &c., and (2) is used in dependent clauses implying these. ( 3 ) It is also used in conditional*

* Except pluperfect conditionals.

sentences in which one statement depends on another as its reason or condition. In these two latter respects it resembles the English subjunctive. ( See Howard's Grammar.)

विपदाभिभूतोऽपि नाहं धर्मं त्यज्ञेयम् ।
इच्छामि सोमं पिबेद्भवान् ।

गायेयं यदि गुणग्रहीतारं लभेय ।
किं भो* नृत्यं शिक्षेयोन गानम् ।

अयोध्यावासिनो भद्रमुखस्य पुत्रः काश्यामध्ययनेन निमित्तेन न्यवसताम् । तत्र चैकं वर्ष स्थित्वा तयोः कनीयाञ्ज्यायांसं । वदति । हे भ्रातरस्मिन्ग्रामे निरुत्साहं मे मनः संवृत्तम् । तस्मादावां स्वभूमिं गन्तुं प्रतिष्ठेवहि । अत्र हि चिरं वसतो मातरमपश्यतश्च मे प्राणा नश्येयुस्तथाभूते सति मातापितरौ शोकपरायणौ संवर्तेयाताम् । तवापि मातृदर्शन औत्सुक्यं भवेदेव । तद्यद्यावयोर्गमनमनुमन्येरन्गुरवः कृतिनौ भवेव । ज्यायानवगुरून्प्रति त्वमेव गच्छेर्मनोगतं च भाषेथा यदि तेषामनुज्ञां लभेवहि श्वः प्रातरेव निर्गच्छेव । स गत्वा तथावदत् । अनन्तरमध्ययनविघ्नं प्रेक्षमाणा गुरवोऽचिन्तयन्नावगच्छामः कतरदुत्र विधीयतां यदेतावनुमन्येमहि नैव गच्छतमिति वा समादिशेम | परं तु शिशू एतौ मातरं विना भूयांसं कालं क्वचित्स्थातुं न क्षमाविति मनसि कृत्वा तयोर्गमनमन्वमन्यन्त । गुरुभिरनुज्ञातौ तावयोध्यामगच्छताम् ।

*

भोस् drops its स् when followed by a vowel or a soft consonant.
A noun expressing duration is put in the accusative case.

‡ If a nominal or verbal form ending in ए, ऐ, ओ or औ, is followed by a vowel

and of the substitute for the former are optionally dropped.

गते हि दुर्दशां लोके क्षुद्रोऽप्यहितमाचरेत् ।
पङ्के निम करिणि भेको भवति मूर्धगः ॥
सप्रमादेन बलिना दुर्बलस्याप्रमादिनः ।
युद्धे बलवतो नाशो भवेत्तस्य प्रमादतः
अन्योन्यस्याव्यभीचारो भवेदामरणान्तिकः ।
एष धर्मः समासेन ज्ञेयः स्त्रीपुंसयोः परः ॥
सुखं वा यदि वा दुःखं प्रियं वा यदि वाप्रियम् ।
प्राप्तं प्राप्तमनुभवे । हृदयेनापराजितः ||
प्रिये नातिभृशं हृप्येदप्रिये न च संज्वरेत् ।
न मुह्येदर्थकच्छ्रेषु न च धर्म परित्यजेत् ॥
सत्यं मृदु प्रियं वाक्यं धीरो हितकरं वदेत् ।
आत्मोत्कर्ष तथा निन्दां परेषां परिवर्जयेत् ॥

भरतेनात्मना चाहं शपे ते मनुजाधिप ।
यथा नान्येन तुष्येयमृते रामविवासनात् ॥

।

।

The king led his soldiers out of the city that he might fight [युध्] with his enemy and rout [भू with परा] him.

We should obtain [ लभ् ] fame if we died [मृ] in defence of our country.

No man shall covet [लुभ् or गृध् ] another's possessions. Witnesses shall always tell [ कथ् ] the truth in courts of justice.

You should not bear [ सह् ] the insults given by others. If I go [ गम् ] to Kási I will bring [नी with आ] you Sanskrit books.

*

added to substantives gives them the sense of the ablative and sometimes of the locative.

+

preceded by any of the first four letters of a class, is changed to the fourth letter of that class optionally.