ceding it, to cause this form of Greek, by the figure attraction.* But on the supposition that our verse is inserted into the sentence, it does appear to me, that the main difficulty vanishes; and that we have an easy way, and classical authority,to aid us in removing the obstacle from the apparent anomaly in the 8th.I say apparent, on the supposition that our verse forms a member of the entire sentence. 66 For in the disputed verse, two of the terms," Пarnę, naι to Aoyos," "The Father and the Son," are masculine. And the apostle is evidently speaking of persons: and even in respect to the third term, "TO VEUμa," it is a curious fact, that John in his gospel, when speaking of the Spirit says "eλon 'ExEIVOS TO ПIVEUμa." (See ch. xv. 26. and xvi. 13.) Hence the apostle uses the proper adjectives. They are all masculine. And thence when he is about to express the earthly witnesses in the next verse, "it cannot be difficult to conceive," as an eminent scholar has remarked, "that the sacred writer might carry on the same expression, or the same adjuncts, to the 8th verse. And the correspondence in number of witnesses, and the similarity of their design in bearing witness to the truth of Christ, may tend to confirm this sentiment." (See Horne's Introd. p. 456, vol. iv.) This form of style is caused by the figure attraction. It is familiar to the classick scholar. Even in the elementary books used to aid the pupil in constructing Greek, the rule of Nelson, and his numerous quotations from classick pages, make it familiar to the younger students. But let it be specially noted, that this figure attraction necessarily implies something preceding which does attract. Take away the preceding sentence or term, and you take away even the possibility of the figure attraction. To use the figure attraction, and to reject and cast out entirely what * Quoted from Matthæi Greek Test. vol. 9, Introd. and Nolan's Inq. p. 257, note. goes before and does attract, is to violate the first principle of Greek syntax in this matter. It is to offer outrage to the genius of Greek. It is to construct such false Greek, as would have been spurned at contemptuously by every classick writer, sacred and profane. Now apply this principle to our present purpose. Here, in the 8th verse, we have masculine adjuncts to neuter terms. Either this is falsely constructed Greek, and such as is utterly unknown on the classick pages; or it is the usual and well known example of the figure attraction. As it was written by John, and supported by all readings of the MSS. it must, of course, be classick Greek; and is also, of course, an example of the figure attraction. But the figure attraction, of necessity, implies that there is something going before which can, and does, attract. But on supposition that our verse is taken away, then all the masculine terms; all the attracting causes, are totally removed. Our verse being left out, there is nothing left-not even the vestige of a cause-not the slightest reason existing to authorize the figure attraction in the 8th verse. Had there been no witness mentioned before the 8th verse-had there been no particular phrase preceding-had there been no masculine adjuncts to cause the inspired writer to put, by attraction, the adjuncts of his neuter terms into the masculine gender; he could not have used this figure by any known grammatical principle: he would-as the most learned Greek scholar, Archbishop Eugenius, has observed-have written, in pure Greek, thus τρια εισι μαρτυρουντα και τα τρια εις το δεν εισι.”* Hence we are entitled to conclude, that the reading of Griesbach, and of those See examples of the figure attraction, in John xiv. 26. xv. 26. and xvi. 13, contrasted with verse 7, &c. I beg leave to refer the reader, for the full explanation and examples of this figure, to the Port Royal Greek Gram. b. vii. ch. i., and Nolan's Inq. p. 565, note; where he answers objections on this point. that follow him-inasmuch as it does thus make the inspired writer guilty of a gross solecism in Greek-cannot be the correct reading. Hence our verse has been, and ever ought to be, a part of the genuine text. Griesbach has laid down a rule to determine between two readings. It is an admirable rule: I beg our learned opponents' attention to it. See Proleg. p. lix. vol. i. of his Greek Test. By this rule, which is the motto at the head of this paper, I have anxiously guided myself in the preceding argument. And it has conducted us to a conclusion perfectly the reverse of that of the German school. The reader must determine for himself which of the arguments, thus professed to be built on the same basis, leads to the legitimate conclusion. The following remarks of the learned Nolan (pp. 259–261), I find so much to my purpose, that I gladly avail myself of his aid: and the reader will be pleased with the extract from such a masterly writer." In 1 John, v. 7. the manifest rent in the corrected text" of Griesbach, "which appears from the solecism in the language, is filled up in the received text: and Пareg xxı o Aoyos, being inserted, the masculine adjectives τρεις οι μαρτυρούντες, are ascribed to suitable substantives: and by the figure attraction, which is so prevalent in Greek, every objection is removed to the structure of the context. Nor is there, thus, a necessary emendation made in the apostle's language alone, but in his meaning. St. John is here expressly summing up the divine and human testimony; "the witness of God and of man"verse 9. And he has elsewhere formally enumerated the heavenly wit nesses, as they occur in the disputed passage. In his gospel he thus explicitly declares-I am one that bear witness of myself. And-the Father that sent me beareth witness of me. And-when the Comforter is come, even the Spirit of truth, he shall testify of me. And yet in his epistle, where he is expressly sum ming up the testimony in favour of Jesus, we are given to understand that he passes, at least, two of these heavenly witnesses by, to insist on three earthly: which have brought the suppressed witnesses to the remembrance of almost every other person who has read the passage, for the last sixteen centuries! Nay, more-he omits them in such a manner as to create a gross solecism in his language, which is ultimately removed by the accidental insertion, as we are taught, of those witnesses, from a note in his margin. Nor is this all; but this solecism is corrected, and the oversight of the apostle remedied, by the accidental insertion of the disputed passage from the margin of a translation: the sense of which, we are told, it embarrasses, while it contributes nothing to mend the grammatical structure!* Of all the omissions which have been mentioned respecting this verse, I call upon the impugners of its authenticity to specify one, half so extraordinary as the present! Of all the improbabilities which the controversy respecting it has assumed as true; I challenge the upholders of the corrected text, to name one, which is not admissible as truth, when set in competition with so flagrant an improbability as the last! Yet on the assumption of this extravagant improbability, as matter of fact, must every attack on the authenticity of this verse, be built as its foundation!" I am, Mr. Editor, With affectionate respect, W. C. BROWNlee. Basking Ridge, Jan. 19, 1825. "Though the reading of the Greek Vulgate, gis ioiv di magtugoûvtes, TO Πνευμα και το ύδως, και το αίμα, is not to be tolerated: yet the reading of the Latin Vulgate (from whence it is asserted that 1 John v. 7, has crept into the Greek text), is grammatically correct-" tres sunt qui testimonium dant spiritus, aqua, et sanguis." [Yet, our opponents say, the false Greek crept in out of this grammatically correct Latin translation!] TRAVELS IN EUROPE FOR HEALTH IN 1820. BY AN AMERICAN CLERGY-MAN, OF THE SYNOD OF PHILADEL PHIA. Gibraltar, January 6th, 1824. My dear Friend,-I have little to add to the details contained in my last letter, on the subject of our voyage here. Nothing further of importance took place. Much contrary wind, with some hard blows, protracted our arrival until the last day of the year, when in the dusk of the evening we let go our anchors in the spacious bay that spreads its bosom before this place. If setting off on a distant voyage be a matter of much interest, that of arriving at the destined port, the perils and privations of a boisterous passage being over, is little less so. I shall never forget the sensation of joy that thrilled through my bosom, (in which I was certainly not alone) when the second mate announced from the topmast, where he had been stationed on the lookout for almost 12 hours, the sight of land. Every eye was strained to see it too; and all was joy and congratulation, as soon as it was ascertained to be no deception, but the very promontory of Cape St. Vincent on the Spanish coast-which decided our captain's reckoning to be correct. When thankfulness, heartfelt thankfulness to the bountiful Giver of all good, mingles with the joy that danger escaped and ardent wishes gratified always excite, it doubles the enjoy ment. I wish I could say this from assured experience. But I am sure it must be so: and hence in all circumstances, the real Christian, when he is himself, has unspeakably the advantage. In the hour of danger, he has a protection, known only to himself, in which he confides: and in the hour of success, the feelings of a grateful heart double his joy, Yes, then there is happiness, when in the reception of great favours, the heart says, "Bless the Lord, O my soul, and forget not all his benefits." Early next morning after our arrival, we were on deck, to look around VOL. III. Ch. Adv. us; and surely my eyes never opened upon a prospect, to me more interesting. For the first time in my life, I had a view of the old world, exhibiting an appearance very unlike all I have ever seen in America. On the one side is to be seen the continent of Spain, naked, mountainous, and rugged, entirely destitute of the woods and fences of my own country. Two towns, Algesiras and Sanroque, appear at no great distance, neither of them respectable. Few habitations, and those mean and shabby, are scattered over the hills and valleys that surround the bay. On the other side are seen the rock and town of Gibraltar, each a unique in the works of nature and art. Conceive a flat and sandy shore extending for some distance back from the sea, and just at the water's edge an immense rock, whose base is about three quarters of a mile broad, rising almost perpendicular to the height of thirteen or fourteen hundred feet, projecting into the sea, for the distance of between two and three miles, and terminating in the same abrupt manner that it commences. This is the rock of Gibraltar. Its projection is not at a right angle to the gut, as it is called, which separates Spain from Africa: but rather parallel with the shore, and the water flowing up between the rock and the coast of Spain, forms the bay, about five miles wide, in which we were anchored. The side of the rock next the bay is sloping, but very steep. At the foot of this slope, stands the town of Gibraltar-its streets running parallel with the water, and rising one above another, on the steep face of the rock. Around its upper suburbs, are scattered little huts, like crows' nests, so high up on the face of the rock, that you would suppose the inhabitants must have wings to mount up, to them. What under the sun-I was disposed at first to inquire-could have induced human beings, to reject the fine level edging, which this bay every where else exhibits, and in preference to locate their habitations K on the steep surface of this barren rock? Surely the procedure, thought I, is an impeachment of their rationality. But when you look to the immense ramparts, running in zig. zag direction along the water's edge; rising so high as nearly to hide altogether, the first streets of the town, their tops bristling with cannon that point in every direction; the secret is unriddled. Ferocious man, like the tiger of the desert, seeks a den, whence he can rush with advantage on all that come within his reach, and to which he can retire in safety, to devour the flesh and gnaw the bones of the prey he has taken. Verily, had that divine law maintained its ascendency over the human heart; "Thou shalt love thy neigh bour as thyself," a town so located, and so fortified, as is Gibraltar, would never have been thought of on the face of our globe. Early in the morning, we were visited by a health officer, in a small boat, who, keeping at some distance, made a number of inquiries concerning the port from which we came, the health of the ship &c. &c. And finished by informing us, that we must undergo a quarantine of seven days. Oh! what a damper to our joy was this to me especially, who had experienced no improvement in my health from the voyage, but rather the reverse. My organs of digestion were never weaker, than during the passage. The operation of sea sickness, appeared to have no other effect than to increase their debility. I felt a general weakness, and kind of stiffness over my system, that made it matter of some effort to mount the cabin stairs. This, with the irksomeness and privations of confinement, during a winter's pas sage across the Atlantic, rendered me more anxious than comports with Christian resignation, to be once more on shore. You will readily perceive that to a being so circumstanced, whose patience was always short of his necessities, the delay of yet seven days, before he was to be released from his imprison ment, would be felt as a trial—and so I did feel it. But the remedy is always at hand, for every disaster, if we could only make use of it— "Thy will be done." He who directs the planets in their orbits, and causes "the sun to know his going down;" directs the smallest disappointments that befall us, and is alike wise and good to those who trust him, in the last as in the first. We were shortly after visited by several boats, belonging to some Americans, established here as commission merchants: and how welcome were the greetings of countrymen in a land of strangers. Their inquiries, if they could be of any assistance to us, and tenders of service in a manner so frank and kind, were well calculated to soothe our minds, under the pressing disappointment recently sustained, in being excluded from going immediately on shore. As we were in quarantine, they could not come on board to welcome us by a friendly shake of the hand: and any letters of which we were the bearers, were received in long iron tongs, and dipped in the salt water, before they were touched, to destroy any contagion that might be cleaving to them such are the regulations of quarantine. The morning was most beautiful, and the atmosphere quite pleasant, like a morning in May. We lay on the smooth surface of the bay, looking with no small curiosity, at the strange objects which every where surrounded us. Early in the forenoon, our captain returned in his boat, from a visit to the health office, and announced the joyful intelligence, that the governor had just issued orders to do away quarantine on all vessels from the United States. Such is the course of events in this world of change, where occurrences of prosperity and adversity the most unexpected, press upon each other. We are lifted up, it would seem, only to be cast down again, and cast down that we may be again lifted up. Lifted up indeed we were, at this last good news. In a very short time we were dressed, and in the long boat, pulling for the shore; anxious to see the interior of a place, whose outside was so romantick. And certainly our expectations of novelty, were not disappointed. We passed through the fortifications, gate after gate, connected by narrow defiles, guarded at every turn, by soldiers in full uniform, with fixed bayonets. On arriving at the last massy gate, which opened immediately into the town, an officer demanded our names; and furnished each of us with a card, granting permission to enjoy the liberty of the place for thirty days, under the guarantee of an American gentleman, resident here, who unsolicited, had voluntarily become sponsor for our good behaviour-such are the existing regulations. Every stranger on his admittance, must enter bail for his good conduct, while he remains. But notwithstanding all these restrictions to keep them out, I have been told there are few places, into which more villains of every description find ways and means to gain admission. There is one main street of competent width, running along the foot of the rock, into which the chief business of the place is crowded. And crowded it was, as we passed up it, with a motley mixture, such as my eyes never saw before. Carts, drays, mules, asses, and men, laden with merchandise, and marketing-Turks, and Jews, and Greeks, and Moors, and Spaniards, and English, dressed in their various costumes, and vociferating in their different dialects. All was bustle and hubbub. To see and hear which made friend P- and myself, as we passed along, leaning on each other's arm for mutual support, to forget every thing else in our astonishment-even our own debility. We have taken up our residence at the Crown and Anchor hotel, which is reckoned the best in the place, and is generally frequented by the Americans. It is kept by an Irishman, married to a Spaniard; and does not differ greatly from good inns in Philadelphia, or New York; except in being less neat and comfortable in its accommodations, and much more extravagant in its charges. Our living, notwithstanding we consult economy, to all the extent that comfort allows, will cost us about fourteen dollars per week. The chief supply of the market is from Spain; and that country, at least all of it that is within reach of this place, is in too wretched a state, to afford any thing but at exorbitant prices. After being thus fixed in a homea home, one of the most gratifying considerations regarding which is, that it is to be but temporary-my next concern was to make some acquaintances and friends: and in this I have not been without some success; for which I am greatly indebted to a few letters of introduction. Certainly I have much cause of gratitude to the Giver of all good, "who has the hearts of all men in his hand," for the kind attention he has disposed some individuals to show me. Mr. A-, an English gentleman, and one who I have reason to believe thinks very little on the subject of religion, allows me the use of his horse, whenever I choose to ride out. This to me, who need exercise so much after the confinement of the ship, and to whom exercise was always so salutary, I count a singular favour. There are very few horses in Gibraltar, and one can be had on hire, only at an extravagant price. The weather since I have been here, has been a good deal wet, with much of what we call in the United States a raw feeling. Frost is scarcely ever known; but through the winter, there is much rain, sometimes attended with tremendous thunder; and at other times with much high and cold winds, which compel invalids to keep the house, and render fire quite necessary. Since I have been here, there have been some days of quite warm sunshine, producing a temperature like the month of May with you. Except the trees, which have hardly yet begun to show their leaves, vege |