: govern the Germanic body as well as of those feudal and. fiscal relations, those reciprocal rights of protection. and obedience, which exist between the Emperor and his co estates, and between the different co-estates themselves. The treaty of the Pyrenées, which terminated the war continued between France and Spain subsequently to the peace of Westphalia, is discussed by the author next in order. It was concluded, between Don Louis de Haro on the part of Spain, and Cardinal Mazarin on the part of France, in the Isle of Pheasants, on the 7th of November 1659, on the twentythird conference between those acute and subtle negociators. Of the celebrated Mazarin, the author gives the following sketch: • Mazarin was already so powerful, when he succeeded in negociating this treaty, that he had only to wish that his power might remain undiminished. He continued, however, to enjoy but for sixteen months the title with which some writers honoured himthat of Pacificator of Europe-as he died in the beginning of March1661. If we judge by his letters, which are commonly the mirror of the mind, when there exists no particular interest to disguise it, Mazarin possessed all the essentials of a negociator;-a profound knowlege of history, and of the rights of nations,-the talent of discovering his antagonist's character, while he perfectly concealed his own, great circumspection in offering propositions, and great promptitude and justness in replying to those of his adversary,-and a perfect command of his gesture, his eye, and the whole turn of his countenance, which never betrayed a sentiment against its owner's will. To these qualities were added, what is so useful to a minister, the power of being gay when he chose, a turn for pleasantry, and the art of rendering men pleased with themselves by a judicious application of applause :-in a word, the rare power of preserving a calm and serene air even amid the agitation of affairs of the greatest moment." While this treaty was in negociation at the foot of the Pyrenées, Cromwell having died, Charles 2d of England came to the place of conference, in order to solicit, from the representatives of the two confering powers, some aid to facilitate his restoration. The memoirs of the times relate,' says M. ANQUETIL,' that Mazarin secretly made him an offer of assistance, on condition that he should espouse one of his nieces. The disdainful reply of the prince drew from the Cardinal something worse than negligence. The whole of his attentions thenceforwards were lavished on the Ambassador from the English Republic, Lockhart ;-he, who, when asked whether he was for royalty or a republic, gave the answer of a true courtier, "I am the very humble servant of events!" Seven years only of peace intervened between the conclusion of the treaty of the Pyrenées and the revival of war. 1667, the young ambition of Louis XIV. commenced hostilities against Spain, which were terminated in 1668 by the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle. In 1672, the flames of war again broke out in Europe, kindled by the chagrin and anger of Louis against the United Provinces. In this war, the people of England were involved by the weakness or the dishonesty of Charles II. who is said to have been bribed by Louis to become his ally. The manifestoes published by both those monarchs shew how little just cause they had for again disturbing the tranquillity of the world. That of Louis declares that "the ill conduct of the StatesGeneral towards him, for some years back, had at length been carried so far that his Majesty can no longer, without sacrificing his glory, dissemble the indignation that he feels against a conduct so little conformable to the great obligations which they owed to his Majesty and his predecessors."-That of Charles II. detailed more at large the same kind of complaint which had been published by the French Monarch, and added that those wicked and ungrateful people, the Dutch, "had exposed in public, and by the command of the States, paintings, medals, and inscriptions of an injurious nature, and full of falshood against him and his subjects."-It was not wonderful that, in a war begun on such grounds, all Europe should speedily league against the aggressor. The people of England soon compelled Charles to withdraw from the alliance of France, and in a little time there was formed a powerful combination against the victorious Louis.-Much against the inclination of the Prince of Orange, who wished to continue the war in order to extend and strengthen his own power, this unjustly-commenced contest ended in the peace of Nimeguen, signed in that city 17th Sept. 1678. The celebrated league of Augsburgh, excited by the ostentatious ambition of Louis XIV. and the latent ambition of the Prince of Orange, occasioned the next war in Europe.-Into this league, William of Orange persuaded the Emperor, the King of Spain, the Republic of Holland, the Elector Palatine, Bavaria, and the Duke of Savoy, to enter. Its professed object was to restrain the ambition of the French Monarch: but the real motive which led William to effect it was, accord. ing to the present writer, that Louis might be kept busy on the continent while William, whose sagacity foresaw to what the intemperate folly of James II. of England would lead, might with more ease ascend the English throne in his stead. This league was concluded at Augsburgh in 1586. The confederates soon irritated Louis into hostilities, which commenced in 1688, and a general continental war followed; which con tinued tinued till 5th Feb. 1699, when it was terminated by the peace of Ryswick. A quarrel concerning the succession to the throne of Spain after the death of its monarch Charles II. in 1700, or rather a wish of the other European powers to divide among them the states of that prince, created the war which commenced between England and her allies against France in 1702. In this contest, Spain, Italy, Germany, France, and the colonies in the eastern and western worlds, endured for nine years all the calamities of war. Peace was at length restored to the exhausted world, by the treaty of Utrecht in 1713, on nearly the same terms which had been offered at the beginning of the contest. To this treaty the Emperor would not at first accede. Unwilling to resign his hope of adding the crown of Spain to the honours of his house, he tried the fortune of arms against France for another year; and it was not until Villars took Landau and Fribourg with immense loss of blood, that he agreed to peace in a treaty signed at Rastadt in Feb. 1714. On the death of Louis XIV. Cardinal Alberoni hatched for his master, Philip the V. of Spain, the ambitious project of adding the throne of France to that of Spain, in the probable event of the death of Louis XV. This design, of which he endeavoured to secure the success by exciting a rebellion in England, and finding employment for the other states which were likely to oppose it, gave rise to the Triple alliance between France, Spain, and Holland, to support the treaty of Utrecht. Alberoni continuing to urge his master to disturb the peace of Europe, an alliance between the Courts of Vienna, Paris, and London, was formed, and into which they resolved to compel Spain to enter. The object of this Quadruple alliance, as it was called, was to settle all disputed pretensions between Spain, Germany, and some of the Italian Princes.-The first three contracting courts gave notice of the treaty to the different partics interested, with three months' time to accede to it, or to take the alternative of war. Spain, no longer able to resist such a powerful combination, acceded to the treaty, and Alberoni was banished by Philip V.-The minuter difficulties of this treaty were settled in 1725 by the Congress at Combray. Of the Congress at Soissons in 1728, in which a general war was prevented by the peace-loving genius of Cardinal Fleuri, and of the consequent treaties of Seville and Vienna, the author next takes a view; and he proceeds to notice the acquisition of Lorraine by France, with the collateral events of the election to the crown and the deposition or renunciation of Stanislaus King of Poland, and the establishment of Don Carlos int the throne of Naples and Sicily. The The death of the Emperor Charles VI. in 1740 preceded a new and general war in Europe, originating in the different pretensions of the Arch Duchess of Tuscany, Maria-Theresa, and of the Electors of Bavaria and Saxony, to the Imperial throne; and also in the claims of the King of Prussia to Silesia, and of the crown of Spain to the kingdoms of Hungary and Bohemia. Fleuri, now 85 years old, had suffered the Marshal Bellisle to gain an ascendancy in the French Councils. He asserted the claim of the Elector of Bavaria to the Imperial throne, with an army of 40,000 men. Eng-. land, under George II. supported Maria Theresa with an army of 30,000, but the superiority of the enemy soon compelled him to sign a treaty of neutrality at Hanover in 1741. The Elector of Bavaria was raised to the Imperial throne in 1742: but he died in 1745, and left it vacant for his rival, whose husband, the Grand Duke François Etienne, was elected in the same year. Prussia, after having gathered abundant laurels, was at length satisfied; and peace was concluded at Aix-laChapelle between the belligerent powers in 1748. Seven years of tranquillity now succeeded; during which time, France, cherishing her marine, excited the jealousy of England; and in 1755 the ambiguities in the former treaty, which professed to settle the respective claims of both countries in. America, afforded England a pretext for commencing hostilities. On the continent, she obtained Prussia for an ally, while France secured the aid of the Emperor. Catherine of Russia, who had now succeeded her husband, joined the Emperor and France; and thus the continent became again involved in war. To Prussia and England, the contest was glorious: but France suffered from it in every quarter of the world, and she resorted for succour to the family compact with Spain, concluded in 1761. England, under the genius of Pitt, roused by this prospect of probable danger, hurled defiance at Spain; who immediately attacked Portugal, the ally of England. Portugal was in consequence injured, but England triumphed in her foreign conquests of Spanish possessions.-Tired of war, at length, negociations commenced; and the arms of Prussia forced the Empress to peace, which was concluded at Paris on the 10th of Feb. 1763. Of the last war between France and England, originating in the aid afforded by France to the revolted Colonies of America, M. ANQUETIL gives a very able and satisfactory outline; as well as of the treaties of peace and commerce which were concluded at Versailles in 1783 and 1784.-In the progress and issue of that contest, many of our readers yet living were personally and deeply interested; and they will re-trace, with APP. REV, VOL. XXX. satisfac satisfaction, in the sketch given of it in this work, the events which once so strongly fixed their attention. We intended to have concluded this article by a transcript from this part: but the analysis which we have already given of the contents of the volume, we find, has sufficiently filled our pages on this subject. We must be contented, therefore, with adding that, to those who desire to have a general view of the causes which led to the wars that have scourged Europe since the treaty of Westphalia, of the events which led to peace, and of the substance of the compacts which confirmed it, M. ANQUETIL's per formance will furnish clear and satisfactory, though concise, information. Wall... ART. IX. Paris, pendant l'Année 1799; i. c. Paris during the By various accidents and impediments, we have been obliged to discontinue our examination of this well written and entertaining Journal, during a much longer period than we intended. The last Number of this work, which has been mentioned in our Review, was CLXXI. vol. 20, (see our 27th vol. N. S. for 1798, p. 554.) since which time, so many Numbers have appeared as constitute more than three volumes. We must therefore "fetch up our lee-way," and try to overtake the author; whose resources seem abundant, in spite of the interruptions of continental intelligence. As the political part of a periodical work like this must be temporary and as, from our being so much in arrears, it must long since have lost its novelty; we shall chiefly point out the literary articles which are most likely to interest English readers. In No. CLXXII. is a 3d extract from the Memoirs of Mademoiselle Clairen, concerning which work we availed ourselves of M. PELTIER's extracts and those in Le Spectateur du Nord, previously to our procuring a copy of the book itself. This No. also contains an account of the Institute for arts and sciences founded at Grand Cairo by Bonaparte, with a list of its members and their pursuits. No. CLXXIII begins with miscellaneous literary articles, particularly of new pieces brought on the several theatres; among which we have an account of a curious drama entitled Harlequin alone. Harlequin has laid a wager of 50 crowns with Giles, his rival, that he would remain immured in his own * See Rev. vol. xxvii. p. 557. and xxviii. p. 519. house |