"The United States Coast Survey, in June 1873, found the variation at Carpenters Point to be 7 deg. 5 min. W.

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"I am sorry that, on account of our limited means we were not able to spend quite as much time as we would like to have done. The greater part of our time was spent in running the straight line. Every care was taken to do this with accuracy. The offsets we could not measure, in the time we had, with quite so much care. They are approximately correct. There are no monuments or marks at the ends of them on the straight line. To set monuments here it would not be necessary to measure the offsets. A better and more accurate way would be to sight from station to station on the straight line, and set the monuments in the line of sight, regardless of their distances from the present boundary.

"Respectfully,

"EDWARD A. BowsER."

The records cited show that the partition line between the two States, as marked in 1774, was traced with the compass; that it was run from both ends; and that on account of local attraction some parts of the line were traced by staking. The work of this summer, as exhibited on the maps herewith presented, shows that the monuments as they now stand are not in a straight but in a crooked line, in which every mile-stone is south of the straight line. There is no doubt the line was crooked when it was run through in 1774, for a long line upon a single course, traced with the surveyors compass, would necessarily be crooked. In navigation where the compass is constantly moving with the vessel and is kept steadily on any oblique course, the track of the vessel is in a curve which is called a rhumb line or loxodromic curve. This is produced by the needle making the same angle with all the meridians it crosses, while the meridians are not parallel to each other but all converging

towards the poles of the earth. In using the compass on land, on long lines, the instrument is set up on the proper bearing of the line, and a mark is fixed as far ahead as clearness of vision or other causes will permit; and the instrument is carried forward to the mark and set up with the same bearing as before, and another mark made as far ahead as possible, and so on through the whole distance to be run. In this way the lines from one station to another are straight lines, but making with each other small angles corresponding to the convergency of the meridians of the stations. In proportion as the number of stations is increased, and the distance between them diminished, so the curvature of this line is increased. It cannot be otherwise than that a long line, on any oblique bearing, run in this way, will be crooked, more or less, according to the number of parts in which it has been run; and it cannot be accurately retraced unless the several stations occupied at the first running are known and used again.

The difference in the variation of the needle at the two ends of a long line, as in the present case where the difference is 2 deg. and the line 48 miles long, must also interfere greatly with running a straight line with the compass, as there would necessarily be at least 2 deg. difference in the direction of the line run, if the magnectic bearing was continued the same throughout. The difficulty of the case is still greater from the variation being irregular, geatest at the east end less at the west, and least at some intermediate point. See tabular statement of Prof. Bowser.

Local attraction is very common and strong, particularly so, in the iron-ore district, traversed by the middle parts of this line, and from the appearance of the line as the monuments stand, it would seem as if this cause must have interfered to increase the inaccuracy of the work. With all these agencies to affect their work, it will be understood that the surveyors could not with the instruments then used, trace a long straight line accurately between two given points.

CONCLUSION.

In reviewing this survey and considering its results, the following points stand out clearly as worthy of further attention.

1. The terminal monuments of the line which are now plainly marked, should be permanently secured and legally protected. The western terminus, called Tri-states-rock, is on the property of the Laural Grove Cemetery. The eastern terminus, a heavy block of stone, known as the Stateline rock, is on private property, a rail road has been graded along the river shore just east of it, and in the changes continually occurring, the spot occupied by this old landmark may be needed by its owner for some other use.

2. The Partition Line, as indicated by the monuments, is not a straight line. Of the 48 mile stones which originally marked the line, one third are now gone, and some of the others are exposed in open fields where they are in danger of being broken down. In cases where these monuments are gone they cannot, with certainty, be replaced. Some joint action should be had with the State of New York, by which the line could be straightened, and made to accord with its original definitions and descriptions. And when authoritatively defined and retraced it should be marked by permanent monuments, owned and controlled by the states interested, or by the General Government.

GEORGE H. Cook.