Novissimum ab Sabinis bellum ortum, multoque id maximum fuit: nihil enim per iram aut cupiditatem actum est, nec ostenderunt bellum priusquam intulerunt. Consilio etiam additus dolus. Sp. Tarpejus Romanae praeerat arci. Hujus filiam virginem auro corrumpit Tatius, ut armatos in arcem1 accipiat. Aquam forte ea tum sacris extra moenia petitum ierat. Accepti2 obrutam armis necavere, seu ut vi capta potius arx videretur, seu prodendi exempli causa, ne quid usquam fidum proditori esset. Additur fabulae, quod vulgo Sabini aureas armillas magni ponderis brachio laevo gemmatosque magna specie anulos3 habuerint, pepigisse eam quod in sinistris manibus haberent; eo scuta illi pro aureis donis congesta. Sunt qui eam ex pacto tradendi quod in sinistris manibus esset, directo arma petisse dicant, et fraude visam agere sua ipsam peremptam mercede.5

12. Tenuere tamen arcem Sabini; atque inde postero die, cum Romanus exercitus instructus, quod inter Palatinum Capitolinumque collem campi est, complesset, non prius descenderunt in aequum, quam, ira et cupiditate recuperandae arcis stimulante animos, in adversum Romani subiere. Principes utrimque pugnam ciebant, ab Sabinis Mettius Curtius, ab Romanis Hostius7 Hostilius. Hic rem Romanam

town; but Crustumerium is named in i. 38 as one of the Latin_cities, and is there mentioned as not having been incorporated with the Roman state till the time of Tarquinius Priscus. Nomen dare, to give in one's name,' sometimes to be put on the list of soldiers discharged, but here to be placed in the roll of those wishing to be settled in a colony.

1 Nothing has previously been mentioned of an ara in Rome, or of a separate fortification; but the Capitoline Hill bore this name. The story of Tarpeia and her treachery seems to have been founded on the name-rupes Tarpeia-of the steepest cliff of the Capitoline. The Romans, and ancients in general, were much addicted to inventing fanciful explanations of the names of places.

6

2 Namely, in arcem, after being admitted into the citadel.'

3Rings set with stones of great brilliancy.'

4 As frequently, equivalent to ideo, 'therefore."

5 This version of the story rescues Tarpeia's patriotism from reproach, and, as we learn from other sources, was an invention of the annalist Piso.

6

6 Tamen has reference to a clause understood-namely, however this may be; that is, whether Tarpeia was actuated by a treacherous or a patriotic motive'-it is nevertheless certain that the Sabines were masters of the citadel.

7 The best manuscripts read Hostius, others Hostus. This was an old praenomen, given to those who were born among foreigners (apud hostes, according to the ancient expression).

iniquo loco ad prima signa animo atque audacia sustinebat. Ut Hostius cecidit, confestim Romana inclinatur acies, fusaque est ad veterem portam Palatii. Romulus et ipse turba fugientium actus, arma ad coelum tollens, 'Juppiter, tuis' inquit 'jussus avibus hic in Palatio prima urbi fundamenta jeci. Arcem jam scelere emptam Sabini habent; inde huc armati, superata media valle, tendunt. At tu, Pater deum hominumque, hinc saltem arce hostes; deme terrorem Romanis, fugamque foedam siste. Hic ego tibi templum Statori Jovi, quod monumentum sit posteris, tua praesenti ope servatam urbem esse, voveo.' Haec precatus, veluti si sensisset auditas preces, 'Hinc' inquit, 'Romani, Juppiter Optimus Maximus resistere atque iterare pugnam jubet.' Restitere Romani tamquam coelesti voce jussi. Ipse ad primores Romulus provolat. Mettius Curtius ab Sabinis princeps ab arce decucurrerat, et effusos egerat Romanos toto quantum foro spatium est. Nec procul jam a porta Palatii erat, clamitans 'Vicimus perfidos hospites, imbelles hostes. Jam sciunt longe aliud esse virgines rapere, aliud pugnare cum viris.' In eum haec gloriantem cum globo ferocissimorum juvenum Romulus impetum facit. Ex equo tum forte Mettius pugnabat: eo pelli facilius fuit; pulsum Romani persequuntur. Et alia Romana acies, audacia regis accensa, fundit Sabinos. Mettius in paludem sese, strepitu sequentium trepidante2 equo, conjecit; adverteratque ea res etiam Sabinos tanti periculo viri. Et ille quidem annuentibus ac vocantibus suis, favore multorum addito animo,3

1 To thee as Juppiter the stayer, or supporter.' Romulus here gave Juppiter the cognomen of Stator, as on a former occasion he had given him that of Feretrius. We may again remark here, that the incidents of the narrative are connected with the explanation of the names of ancient localities in the city, or rather, indeed, that the whole story is but a collection of such explanations. Thus, in the valley at the foot of the Palatine there was for a long time a bog known as the lacus Curtius, which was afterwards filled up. Its name was variously explained, being by some derived from Mettius Curtius, a Sabine warrior mentioned in this chapter; by others from M. Curtius, a Roman knight, who is said to have leaped into it (361 B. C.) because the abyss could not otherwise be filled up.-See Livy, vii. 6.

2 Trepidare is used here, as frequently, of a hasty and unsteady motion. Compare i. 7, Concursus trepidantium pastorum.

3 Having received new courage from the favour shown towards him by the multitude.'

evadit: Romani Sabinique in media convalle duorum montium redintegrant proelium. Sed res Romana erat superior.

13. Tum Sabinae mulieres, quarum ex injuria bellum ortum erat, crinibus passis scissaque veste, victo malis muliebri pavore ausae se inter tela volantia inferre, ex transverso impetu facto dirimere infestas acies, dirimere iras, hinc patres hinc viros orantes, ne se sanguine nefando soceri generique respergerent, ne parricidio macularent partus suos, nepotum illi, hi liberum2 progeniem. Si affinitatis

inter vos, si connubii piget, in nos vertite iras. Nos causa belli, nos vulnerum ac caedium viris ac parentibus sumus. Melius peribimus quam sine alteris vestrum viduae aut orbae vivemus." 3 Movet res cum multitudinem tum duces: silentium et repentina fit quies. Inde ad foedus faciendum duces prodeunt: nec pacem modo sed1 civitatem unam ex duabus faciunt; regnum consociant, imperium omne conferunt Romam. Ita geminata urbe, ut Sabinis tamen aliquid daretur, Quirites a Curibus appellati.5 Monumentum ejus

1 Tum.... dirimere, the descriptive (historical) infinitive, for which might have been used either the imperfect tum .... dirimebant, or the historical present tum . . . . dirimunt.

2 The genitivus epexegeticus, explanatory or definitive genitive; 'a progeny, consisting for the one party of grandchildren, and for the other of children." This is a use of the genitive in Latin for which modern languages more logically employ apposition; a progeny, for the one party grandchildren, for the other children.' See Gram. § 274.

3 Deprived of their husbands, viduae; of their fathers, orbae. Orbus is either one deprived of his children,' or 'one deprived of his parents.' Viduae aut orbae, therefore, might mean either widowed or childless,' or widowed or fatherless;' but here, from the sense of the passage, the latter is meant.

4 The manuscripts read merely sed, most of the editions sed et; but Livy is fond of the omission of et or etiam in cases such as this. In English, too, we frequently omit the 'also.' Thus here, they not only make peace, but [also] unite the two states into one.'

5 From Livy's narrative we might be led to believe that the whole nation of the Sabines ceased at this time to have an independent existence, and became Roman. Such, however, was not the case till a much later period, when Rome had made herself the mistress of a great part of Italy. All the truth that can be gathered from this tradition is probably this, that at a very early period in Roman history a strong body of Sabines was added to the original population, which consisted principally of Latins. The Roman people were called in legal language Quirites; and if we admit that this word is of Sabine origin, and derived either from the name of the Sabine town Cures, or

pugnae, ubi primum ex profunda emersus palude equus Curtium in vado1 statuit, Curtium lacum appellarunt.

Ex bello tam tristi laeta repente pax cariores Sabinas viris ac parentibus et ante omnes Romulo ipsi fecit. Itaque cum populum in curias triginta divideret, nomina earum curiis imposuit.2 Id non traditur, cum haud dubie aliquanto numerus major hoc mulierum fuerit,3 aetate an dignitatibus suis virorumve an sorte lectae sint, quae nomina curiis darent. Eodem tempore et centuriae tres equitum conscriptae sunt. Ramnenses ab Romulo, ab T. Tatio Titienses appellati. Lucerum nominis et originis causa incerta est.4

14. Inde non modo commune, sed concors etiam regnum duobus regibus fuit. Post aliquot annos propinqui regis Tatii legatos Laurentium5 pulsant; cumque Laurentes jure gentium agerent, apud Tatium gratia suorum et preces plus poterant. Igitur illorum poenam in se vertit: nam Lavinii, cum ad sollemne sacrificium eo venisset, concursu facto interficitur. Eam rem minus aegre, quam dignum erat, tulisse Romulum ferunt, seu ob infidam societatem regni, seu quia haud injuria caesum credebat. Itaque bello quidem abstinuit: ut tamen expiarentur legatorum injuriae regisque caedes, foedus inter Romam Laviniumque urbes renovatum est.

Et cum his quidem insperata pax erat: aliud multo propius atque in ipsis prope portis bellum ortum. Fidenates

from the Sabine word quiris 'a spear' or 'lance'-we may naturally infer that the Sabines either formed the principal element in the early population of Rome, or were at least the most warlike citizens.

'On firm ground,' 'ground on which he could tread' (in quo vadere poterat). This place, says Livy, and not the marsh or bog itself, was called lacus Curtius. The bog did not exist in Livy's time, but the name was still given to a part of the Forum.

2 Another explanation of ancient names, which, however, is not admitted by other authors. Of the names of the thirty curiae, but few are known to us: Titia, Faucia, Rapta (which may have been the names of women); but Foriensis, Veliensis, and Tifata, appear to be of topographical origin.

3 The order is cum numerus mulierum haud dubie fuerit aliquanto major hoc (numero curiarum).

4 Livy omits to mention that the earliest Roman population was divided into three tribus, to which these three centuriae equitum were attached. These centuries of knights probably consisted of patricians. 5 This story shows us that even at that time the towns of Laurentum and Lavinium were very closely allied. See note i. 1.

6 Wars between Rome and Fidenae are frequently mentioned in the

nimis vicinas prope se convalescere opes rati, priusquam tantum roboris esset, quantum futurum apparebat, occupant bellum facere. Juventute armata immissa, vastatur agri quod inter urbem ac Fidenas est. Inde ad laevam versi, quia dextra Tiberis arcebat, cum magna trepidatione agrestium populantur; tumultusque repens ex agris in urbem illatus pro nuntio fuit. Excitus Romulus (neque enim dilationem pati tam vicinum bellum poterat) exercitum educit, castra a Fidenis mille passuum1 locat. Ibi modico praesidio relicto, egressus omnibus copiis partem militum locis circa densa obsita virgulta obscuris2 subsidere in insidiis jussit; cum parte majore atque omni equitatu profectus, id quod quaerebat, tumultuoso et minaci genere pugnae, adequitando ipsis prope portis, hostem excivit. Fugae quoque, quae simulanda erat, eadem equestris pugna causam minus mirabilem dedit. Et cum, velut inter pugnae fugaeque consilium trepidante3 equitatu, pedes quoque referret gradum, plenis repente portis effusi hostes, impulsa Romana acie, studio instandi sequendique trahuntur ad locum insidiarum. Inde subito exorti Romani transversam invadunt hostium aciem.

early books of Livy. These came to a close, however, in the year 426 B. C. (Livy, iv. 34), when the Fidenates were subdued, and their city destroyed. After this, we hear of Fidenae only as an insignificant village. It was situated about six miles from Rome, near the junction of the Anio and Tiber. It was principally inhabited by Etruscans, and was in constant alliance with the wealthy and powerful Etruscan city of Veii, situated very near the Roman territory.

1 That is, a Roman mile; for a passus equalled five Roman feet, being as much as a man could span with his legs extended. Mille passus might have been used instead of mille passuum.

2 The explanation of these words is difficult. If nothing is altered, the translation is, 'he ordered a part of his soldiers to lie down in ambush in dark (shadowy) places round about thick overgrown brushwood.' We might correct thus, locis circa denso obsitis virgulto; in places darkened all round about by being overgrown with thick brushwood.' Livy uses only the form virgultum of the second declension, not virgulta of the first; otherwise the only change necessary would have been obsita into obsitis, thus putting densa virgulta in the ablative singular. The conjectural reading locis circa denso obsitis virgulto et obscuris is decidedly to be approved of so far as regards the sense, but varies too far from the manuscripts.

3' Moving about hesitatingly,' as if undecided whether to fight or flee.

4 As the Roman line retired.' Impulsa seems here to have the sense of the Greek middle se impellente, rather than that of a Fidenatibus impulsa.